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THE EVOLUTION MISCONCEPTION<br />
83<br />
What has become of our ladder if <strong>the</strong>re are three coexist<strong>in</strong>g<br />
l<strong>in</strong>eages of hom<strong>in</strong>ids (A. afric<strong>an</strong>us, <strong>the</strong> robust<br />
australopi<strong>the</strong>c<strong>in</strong>es, <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> H. habilis), none clearly derived from<br />
<strong>an</strong>o<strong>the</strong>r? Moreover, none of <strong>the</strong> three display <strong>an</strong>y evolutionary<br />
trends dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong>ir tenure on earth. 68<br />
Put briefly, <strong>the</strong> scenario of hum<strong>an</strong> evolution, which is<br />
sought to be upheld with <strong>the</strong> help of various draw<strong>in</strong>gs of<br />
some "half ape, half hum<strong>an</strong>" creatures appear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
media <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> course books, that is, fr<strong>an</strong>kly, by me<strong>an</strong>s of<br />
propag<strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong>a, is noth<strong>in</strong>g but a tale with no scientific ground.<br />
Lord Solly Zuckerm<strong>an</strong>, one of <strong>the</strong> most famous <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong><br />
respected scientists <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> U.K., who carried out research on<br />
this subject for years, <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> particularly studied<br />
Australopi<strong>the</strong>cus fossils for 15 years, f<strong>in</strong>ally concluded,<br />
despite be<strong>in</strong>g <strong>an</strong> evolutionist himself, that <strong>the</strong>re is, <strong>in</strong> fact, no<br />
such family tree br<strong>an</strong>ch<strong>in</strong>g out from ape-like creatures to<br />
m<strong>an</strong>.<br />
Zuckerm<strong>an</strong> also made <strong>an</strong> <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g "spectrum of<br />
science." He formed a spectrum of sciences r<strong>an</strong>g<strong>in</strong>g from<br />
those he considered scientific to those he considered<br />
unscientific. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to Zuckerm<strong>an</strong>'s spectrum, <strong>the</strong> most<br />
"scientific"—that is, depend<strong>in</strong>g on concrete data—fields of<br />
science are chemistry <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> physics. After <strong>the</strong>m come <strong>the</strong><br />
biological sciences <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> social sciences. At <strong>the</strong> far end<br />
of <strong>the</strong> spectrum, which is <strong>the</strong> part considered to be most<br />
"unscientific," are "extra-sensory perception"—concepts such<br />
as telepathy <strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> sixth sense–<strong><strong>an</strong>d</strong> f<strong>in</strong>ally "hum<strong>an</strong> evolution."<br />
Zuckerm<strong>an</strong> expla<strong>in</strong>s his reason<strong>in</strong>g:<br />
We <strong>the</strong>n move right off <strong>the</strong> register of objective truth <strong>in</strong>to those<br />
fields of presumed biological science, like extrasensory