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From revolution to our days. The Restoration crisis and the first republican experiences The arrival of the 20th century meant the breakdown of the fragile balance that had been achieved. In Portugal, the First Portuguese Republic had to face a difficult international situation marked by the First World War and its economic consequences, which ended up originating an authoritarian system in the decade of the 20s, the Estado Novo (“New State”), which stayed with just a few changes until the Carnation Revolution in 1974. In Spain, the Second Republic also had to confront a difficult economic and social situation. In June 1936, the uprising by General Franco put an end to this regime and set the starting point of a long Civil War (1936-1939) that shook the peninsular territory. The Civil War The Spanish Civil War was an internal dispute that confronted republicans and Franco’s troops. It was also the scenery where the big sides of the time faced each other, and it worked as a trial for what would later be the Second World War. In this way, the role that Galicia played was not very relevant, since Franco’s soldiers found barely any resistance there, and where there was some, its duration and significance was limited (such as the case of the railwaymen in Verín of the industrial workers in Ferrol). Franco’s victory was quick in Galicia, and it obliged many republicans to seek for refuge in the hills. At first they hoped that this would just be a temporary hideout. They were the so-called maquis. For those they were unscrupulous bandits, for others, freedom fighters. Was their cause legitimate or not, the existence of these individuals lasted in time until almost the decade of the 60s. Their secrecy makes it difficult to find remains that could have been produced by them, but the Galician mountains keep a good part of the communication structures that they used and also a similar geography, so it is easy to travel in time if we go deep into them. Perhaps one of the easiest areas is the Monforte valley, where the last Galician maqui was executed, and which has still nowadays a whole network of formal communications, paths and roads that allowed the crossing towards the neighbouring Ourense. 108
From Gallaecia to the Euro-Region Did you know? “Almost all the Galician cities currently keep remains of plaques that commemorate those who were retaliated for having different ideas. One can even visit the places where it is known that shootings were carried out, such as the wall of the cemetery of San Francisco in Ourense, the Civil Cemetery of Pereiró in Vigo or the island of San Simón, used as a prison at the time.” The Transition After years of Franco’s government, the Spanish society and economy had provoked large transformations that completely changed the situation. This is why, when on the 20th November 1975 Franco died, it was started a process to transform the old structures of the dictatorship towards a new system: democracy. A new form of government that was fixed with the approval of a new Constitution where the fundamental rights and freedoms were recognized. This Spain is a world devastated by war, where industrialization was still an aspiration for most of the productive sectors. After Franco’s death in 1975, the country saw its population grow up to its highest numbers ever, and its economic sectors started to be back on track. 109
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FROM GALLAECIA TO THE EURO-REGION T
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PUBLISHER. Eixo Atlántico do Noroe
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Index 00Presentation. 01Stone art.
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Map Stone art. Our prehistory. Of k
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Ricardo Rio As mayor of Braga one o
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Stone art. Our prehistory
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From Gallaecia to the Euro-Region T
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Of castros and romans 02 A world in
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Of castros and romans Replica of th
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Of castros and romans Castro of Mou
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Of castros and romans Thermal baths
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Of castros and romans O Castro (Vig
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Of castros and romans The greatness
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Of castros and romans Roman Bridge
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Of castros and romans Aquae Flaviae
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Of castros and romans Interpretatio
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Of castros and romans Fountain of t
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Of kings, bishops and monks: The mi
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Page 79 and 80: The modern times
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Page 131: Project submitted to the first call
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