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Of kings, bishops and monks The middle ages An example of this wish to maintain the strength of the Royal land of Portugal was the implementation of the inquirições, a control system over the estates that sought to discover which privileges were at the basis of the concessions, and to find out if the lands that should belong to the king himself were being usurped. “Besides these royal attempts, the great centre of conflict came from the citizens themselves and their councils” In the Galician cities, the greatest instability that bishops had to face did not come, as in Portugal, by the hand of the king. It is true that monarchs founded, especially during the second half of the 12th century and first half of the 13th, several villages in order to counteract the great power of the religious lords, as the case of Monforte in 1199 and Sarria in 1228. The process was not always easy, as the example of Monterrei shows: king Alfonso IX had to yield on his pretension of creating the royal village due to the pressure of the rich monastery of Celanova, which had founded Verín in 1183, although this did not happen with his grandson Alfonso X, who reached this goal one century later. The desired effects did not happened either in the coastal villages, since the all-powerful archbishop of Compostela got all the rights over them, such as the case of Pontevedra, founded in 1169. Only in A Coruña, although through the payment of a rent to the archbishopric, could a large royal port be established, with exemptions in 1208 and 1210. Ferrol followed this at the end of the century. Besides these royal attempts, the great centre of conflict came from the citizens themselves and their councils, who repeatedly tried to get rid of the estate of bishops, in order to depend on the Royal lands. The cities of Lugo, Ourense and Santiago reached this goal, but always for a short time: finally, the temporary arrangements of power lead to an agreement between the monarch and the bishops, where the cities were returned to their former religious lord. But conflicts did exist, and they were not always docile: in the case of Compostela, the scenery was the castle of the Rocha Forte, property of the cathedral and which controlled the way out of the city towards the coast and its ports. In 1309 the council refused to accept Berenguel de Landoira as archbishop; after several months where he was not allowed to enter the city, he took advantage of the arrival of some negotiating emissaries of the council, ambushing and killing them, and in this way being able to get the estate of Compostela again. The opposite happened in Ourense one century later, in 1421: a popular uprising ended up with the death of the bishop Francisco Afonso, drowned in the Miño river. In other occasions, curious as it may seem, the greatest headache for the bishopric authority came by the hand of religious institutions. This happened in the case of Mendicant orders (Dominicans, Franciscans and their feminine order, the Poor Clares), which settled in the different Galician and Portuguese cities since the beginning of the 13th century. Opposite to other monastic orders, Benedictines and Cistercians, the Mendicants preferred to settle in cities, and were very oriented to predication. Their rise 60
From Gallaecia to the Euro-Region and power of attraction among people provoked great rivalries from the side of parochial churches and bishops, who saw them as an unexpected competition. These confrontations, especially with the Franciscans, went as far as to have some truly intense episodes. Did you know? “The first city that the Mendicants settled was Compostela in 1215, and was also where the first protests were held. The canons of the cathedral complained to the Pope that the sermons of the friars emptied the church. In 1254 the Pope sentenced that they could not preach during the masses or the holidays of the cathedral. In Porto, the reluctances happened even before of their definitive settlement. In 1233 they got some lands in order to build their convent, but the continuing quarrels with the bishop avoided them to settle, through a papal sentence, until 1244. The most serious case happened in the last years of the century, in Ourense: at other point of the revolt of the city against their lord bishop, the Episcopal militias, accusing the friars of sheltering the rebels, attacked and set fire to the convent. This ended up with the bishop and the clergy of the city being excommunicated, and obliged to reconstruct the building, now uphill, in the outskirts of the city” Statue of king Alfonso IX (Sarria) 61
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PUBLISHER. Eixo Atlántico do Noroe
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Index 00Presentation. 01Stone art.
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Map Stone art. Our prehistory. Of k
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Ricardo Rio As mayor of Braga one o
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Stone art. Our prehistory
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Page 30 and 31: Of castros and romans Thermal baths
Page 32 and 33: Of castros and romans O Castro (Vig
Page 34 and 35: Of castros and romans The greatness
Page 36 and 37: Of castros and romans Roman Bridge
Page 38 and 39: Of castros and romans Aquae Flaviae
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Page 79 and 80: The modern times
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From Gallaecia to the Euro-Region C
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Project submitted to the first call
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