oxford_guide_to_english_grammar

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PAGE 7 8 Intransitive and transitive verbs Give, send etc • 10 Subject Verb Object Object The thief gave the inspector his coat. Call, put etc •11 Subject Verb Object Complement They called the inspector sir. The thief thought himself rather unlucky. Subject Verb Object Adverbial He put the coat over his arm. All these seven clause patterns contain a subject and verb in that order. The elements that come after the verb depend on the type of verb: for example, whether it is transitive or not. Some verbs belong to more than one type. For example, think can come in these three patterns. Intransitive (without an object): I'm thinking. Transitive (with an object): Yes, I thought the same. With object and complement: People will think me stupid. Extra adverbials • 12 We can always add an extra adverbial to a clause. A man walked into a hotel. One day a man walked casually into a hotel. And and or • 13 We can join two phrases with and or or. The inspector and the thief got out of the coach. Phrases in apposition • 14 We can put one noun phrase after another. Our neighbour Mr Bradshaw is a policeman. 8 Intransitive and transitive verbs 1 An intransitive verb cannot take an object, although there can be a prepositional phrase after it. The man was waiting at the side of the road. Something unfortunate happened. The man runs along the beach every morning. Intransitive verbs usually express actions (people doing things) and events (things happening). A verb can be intransitive in one meaning and transitive in another. For example, run is transitive when it means 'manage. He runs his own business.
2 THE SIMPLE SENTENCE PAGE 8 2 A transitive verb takes an object. The man stole a coat. Everyone enjoyed the conference. The driver saw the hitch-hiker at the side of the road. The man had no money. Transitive verbs can express not only actions (stole) but also feelings (enjoyed), perception (saw) and possession (had). After some transitive verbs we can leave out the object when it would add little or nothing to the meaning. The man opposite was reading (a book). We're going to eat (a meal). A woman was driving (the coach). We can also leave out the object after these verbs: ask/answer (a question), draw/paint (a picture), enter/leave (a room/building), pass/fail (a test/exam), play/win/lose (a game), practise (a skill), sing (a song), speak (a few words), study (a subject). The following verbs can also be without an object if the context is clear: begin, choose, decide, hear, help, know, notice, see, start. NOTE There must be an object after discuss and deny. The committee discussed the problem. He denied the accusation. 3 Many verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. Transitive The driver stopped the coach. He opened the door. I broke a cup. Someone rang the bell. Intransitive The coach stopped. The door opened. The cup broke. The bell rang. The two sentences can describe the same event. The transitive sentence has as its subject the agent, the person who made the event happen (the driver). The intransitive sentence describes the event but does not mention the agent. Here are some common verbs that can be transitive or intransitive: alter develop increase shine tear begin divide join shut turn bend drive melt slide weaken boil dry mix smash unite break end move soften burn finish open sound change fly pour spread close freeze ring stand cook hang roll start combine harden sail stop continue hurt separate strengthen crash improve shake swing NOTE Raise is transitive, and rise is intransitive. The oil companies will raise their prices. The price of oil will rise. For lay and lie, •11(2) Note b.
Page 2 and 3: Oxford University Press Walton Stre
Page 4 and 5: 31 Adverbial clauses 327 32 Conditi
Page 6 and 7: VIII Acknowledgements The author an
Page 8 and 9: PAGE 1 1 English grammar 1 Summary
Page 10 and 11: PAGE 3 4 Phrases 2 There are eight
Page 12 and 13: PAGE 5 6 English compared with othe
Page 16 and 17: PAGE 9 9 Linking verbs 9 Linking ve
Page 18 and 19: PAGE 11 10 Give, send etc 3 Which p
Page 20 and 21: PAGE 13 13 And and or 2 We can add
Page 22 and 23: PAGE 15 Statements, questions, impe
Page 24 and 25: PAGE 17 17 Negative statements 17 N
Page 26 and 27: PAGE 19 17 Negative statements NOTE
Page 28 and 29: PAGE 21 19 The imperative 19 The im
Page 30 and 31: PAGE 23 19 The imperative 5 The imp
Page 32 and 33: PAGE 25 4 Questions and answers 21
Page 34 and 35: PAGE 27 23 Inversion in questions C
Page 36 and 37: PAGE 29 25 Wh-questions: more detai
Page 38 and 39: PAGE 31 26 Question words: more det
Page 40 and 41: PAGE 33 29 Answering questions 2 We
Page 42 and 43: PAGE 35 30 Negative questions b A n
Page 44 and 45: PAGE 37 33 Indirect questions When
Page 46 and 47: PAGE 39 34 Question tags 2 Overview
Page 48 and 49: PAGE 41 35 Echo questions and echo
Page 50 and 51: PAGE 43 38 Leaving out words after
Page 52 and 53: PAGE 45 42 Leaving out words at the
Page 54 and 55: PAGE 47 43 Patterns with so, neithe
Page 56 and 57: PAGE 49 44 Some other ways of avoid
Page 58 and 59: PAGE 51 45 Special styles 4 Postcar
Page 60 and 61: PAGE 53 47 Word order and informati
Page 62 and 63: PAGE 55 49 Front position 48 The su
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PAGE 57 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 59 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 61 51 Emphasis 51 Emphasis MUS
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PAGE 63 51 Emphasis b Look at these
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PAGE 65 53 Grammar in speech and wr
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PAGE 67 54 Stress and intonation Th
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PAGE 69 55 Weak forms and short for
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PAGE 71 56 Punctuation 3 Sub clause
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PAGE 73 56 Punctuation 5 The hyphen
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PAGE 75 8 The verb phrase 57 Summar
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PAGE 77 60 The structure of the ver
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PAGE 79 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 81 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 83 64 Present continuous and p
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PAGE 85 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 87 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 89 66 Past continuous With tod
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PAGE 91 67 Present perfect continuo
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PAGE 93 68 Past perfect and past pe
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PAGE 95 10 The future 70 Summary Th
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PAGE 97 72 Be going to Won't can ex
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PAGE 99 75 The future continuous: w
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PAGE 101 78 Other ways of expressin
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PAGE 103 81 Overview: the future b
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PAGE 105 84 The ordinary verb be 83
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PAGE 107 85 Have (got) Possession:
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PAGE 109 86 The ordinary verb have
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PAGE 111 88 The ordinary verb do 4
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PAGE 113 12 Modal verbs 90 Summary
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PAGE 115 92 Necessity 4 A modal ver
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PAGE 117 92 Necessity In the past s
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PAGE 119 94 Permission 2 Had better
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PAGE 121 96 Probability NOTE a In i
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PAGE 123 97 Possibility 2 Can and c
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PAGE 125 99 Unreal situations: woul
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PAGE 127 101 The verb dare 100 Habi
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PAGE 129 102 Overview: the use of m
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104 The use of the passive The pass
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PAGE 133 104 The use of the passive
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PAGE 135 105 Tenses and aspects in
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PAGE 137 108 The passive with verbs
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PAGE 139 110 Passive + to-infinitiv
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PAGE 141 112 The passive to-infinit
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PAGE 143 114 Overview: active and p
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PAGE 145 For and of with a to-infin
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PAGE 147 119 The to-infinitive: pur
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PAGE 149 121 To-infinitive or gerun
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PAGE 151 122 Verb + object + to-inf
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PAGE 153 123 Adjective + to-infinit
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PAGE 155 124 Noun phrase + to-infin
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PAGE 157 126 For and of with a to-i
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PAGE 159 15 The gerund 128 Summary
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PAGE 161 131 Some patterns with the
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PAGE 163 132 Preposition + gerund W
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PAGE 165 132 Preposition + gerund 7
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PAGE 167 16 Participles 134 Summary
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PAGE 169 137 Participle + noun Here
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PAGE 171 139 Participle clauses of
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PAGE 173 140 Verb + object + partic
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PAGE 175 17 Nouns and noun phrases
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PAGE 177 143 Noun phrases 143 Noun
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PAGE 179 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 181 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 183 145 The plural of nouns e
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PAGE 185 146 The possessive form 2
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PAGE 187 147 Two nouns together 147
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PAGE 189 148 Phrases after a noun b
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PAGE 191 18 Agreement 150 Summary S
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PAGE 193 153 One of, a number of, e
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PAGE 195 2 Plural form - singular v
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PAGE 197 157 Number in the subject
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PAGE 199 159 The form of the articl
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PAGE 201 160 The basic use of the a
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PAGE 203 162 The article in general
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PAGE 205 166 Overview: a/an, some a
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PAGE 207 169 Articles in phrases of
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8 Phrases with last and next These
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PAGE 211 171 Place names and the d
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PAGE 213 20 Possessives and demonst
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174 Possessives 5 A friend of mine
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PAGE 217 175 Demonstratives NOTE a
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PAGE 219 21 Quantifiers 6 Summary A
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PAGE 221 177 Large and small quanti
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PAGE 223 178 Whole and part quantit
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e f PAGE 225 In positions other tha
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PAGE 227 179 Some, any and no c d e
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PAGE 229 180 Other quantifiers 180
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PAGE 231 182 Overview: quantifiers
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22 Pronouns 183 Summary Personal pr
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PAGE 235 184 Personal pronouns c We
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PAGE 237 185 Special uses of you, o
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PAGE 239 2 Reflexive pronouns 186 R
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PAGE 241 188 One and ones 187 Overv
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PAGE 243 189 Everyone, something et
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23 Numbers and measurements 190 Sum
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PAGE 247 193 Fractions, decimals an
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PAGE 249 195 Times and dates 195 Ti
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PAGE 251 24 Adjectives 197 Summary
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PAGE 253 199 The position of adject
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PAGE 255 3 Different meanings in di
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PAGE 257 202 The order of adjective
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PAGE 259 204 The + adjective The ad
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PAGE 261 206 Introduction to adverb
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PAGE 263 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 265 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 267 210 Place and time 3 Posit
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PAGE 269 211 Adverbs of frequency 5
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PAGE 271 212 Adverbs of degree c We
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PAGE 273 212 Adverbs of degree With
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PAGE 275 214 Truth adverbs 2 Only a
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PAGE 277 216 linking adverbs Some o
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PAGE 279 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 281 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 283 221 Patterns expressing a
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PAGE 285 222 Special patterns with
Page 294 and 295:
PAGE 287 224 Introduction to prepos
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225 Prepositions of place The bus i
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PAGE 291 226 Prepositions of place:
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PAGE 293 226 Prepositions of place:
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227 Prepositions of time 8 Between
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PAGE 297 227 Prepositions of time c
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PAGE 299 228 Prepositions: other me
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PAGE 301 229 Idiomatic phrases with
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PAGE 303 231 Verbs with adverbs and
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PAGE 305 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 307 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 309 You just can't live on £8
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PAGE 311 234 Verb + object + prepos
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PAGE 313 236 Adjective + prepositio
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PAGE 315 237 Noun + preposition 237
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29 Sentences with more than one cla
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PAGE 319 240 Clause combinations An
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241 Tenses in sub clauses 2 Verbs a
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30 And, or, but, so etc 243 Summary
Page 332 and 333:
PAGE 325 246 Words meaning 'but' 24
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PAGE 327 31 Adverbial clauses 248 S
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2 We can use a gerund after before,
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PAGE 331 253 Other adverbial clause
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PAGE 333 32 Conditional clauses 255
Page 342 and 343:
PAGE 335 257 Verbs in conditional s
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PAGE 337 257 Verbs in conditional s
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PAGE 339 259 If, as long as, unless
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PAGE 341 33 Noun clauses 260 Summar
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PAGE 343 262 Patterns with noun cla
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PAGE 345 262 Patterns with noun cla
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PAGE 347 264 Introduction to indire
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PAGE 349 266 Tell, say and ask 3 A
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PAGE 351 268 Tenses in indirect spe
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PAGE 353 269 Reporting questions d
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PAGE 355 2 Offers, warnings, apolog
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PAGE 357 272 Introduction to relati
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PAGE 359 272 Introduction to relati
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PAGE 361 273 Relative clauses witho
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PAGE 363 276 Participle relative cl
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PAGE 365 280 The relative pronoun w
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PAGE 367 36 Word-building 282 Summa
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PAGE 369 284 Prefixes 284 Prefixes
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c d e PAGE 371 Verb + ant/ent: Noun
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PAGE 373 288 Nationality words The
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PAGE 375 288 Nationality words 3 He
Page 384 and 385:
PAGE 377 292 Leaving out e 2 A few
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PAGE 379 294 Consonant + y 294 Cons
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PAGE 381 298 Irregular plural endin
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PAGE 383 300 List of irregular verb
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PAGE 389 40 American English 302 Su
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PAGE 391 303 Differences with verbs
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PAGE 393 304 Differences with noun
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PAGE 395 307 Differences with conju
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PAGE 397 Glossary abstract noun See
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PAGE 399 GLOSSARY finite A finite v
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PAGE 401 GLOSSARY pair noun a plura
Page 410 and 411:
PAGE 403 GLOSSARY sub clause See ma
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PAGE 405 adjective summary 197 and
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PAGE 407 anticipatory it 50(5) anxi
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PAGE 409 be about to 78(1a) past 80
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PAGE 411 chat: have a chat 87(2) ch
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PAGE 413 copula (linking verb) 9 co
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INDEX discuss with object 8(2) Note
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PAGE 417 exceed: comparative meanin
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PAGE 419 after phrasal/prepositiona
Page 428 and 429:
PAGE 421 hope (noun) countable/unco
Page 430 and 431:
PAGE 423 intention + to -infinitive
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PAGE 425 linking word: see conjunct
Page 434 and 435:
PAGE 427 mustn't 92(4) indirect spe
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PAGE 429 INDEX after noun 160(3), 1
Page 438 and 439:
PAGE 431 past simple 65 in conditio
Page 440 and 441:
PAGE 433 present perfect continuous
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PAGE 435 relationship between/with
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PAGE 437 sentence 2(3) sentence adv
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PAGE 439 with phrasal/prepositional
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PAGE 441 with short form 55(2b) + t
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PAGE 443 use (noun) + gerund 131(2a
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PAGE 445 whoever in emphatic questi
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