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PAGE 167 16 Participles 134 Summary Participle forms • 135 A participle can be an ing-form like playing (active participle), or a form like played, written (past or passive participle). Participle clauses • 136 We can put an object or adverbial after the participle. Kate fell asleep watching television last night. A participle can also have a subject. I waited, my heart beating fast. Participle + noun • 137 flashing lights Verb + participle • 138 recorded music Well, I mustn't stand chatting here all day. Participle clauses of time, reason etc • 139 I went wrong adding up these figures. Having no money, we couldn't get in. Verb + object + participle • 140 I saw you talking to the professor. NOTE For participles in finite verb phrases, • 60. have + past participle: My watch has stopped. be + active participle: The train was stopping. be + passive participle: We were stopped by a policeman. For There was a bag lying/left on the table, • 50(3). For The bag lying/left on the table is Sadie's, • 276. 135 Participle forms 1 Active Passive playing Simple played Continuous being played Perfect having played having been played Past played
16 PARTICIPLES PAGE 168 2 An active participle is the ing-form of a verb, e.g. laughing, waiting. I heard you laughing. We sat there waiting patiently. This form is the same as a gerund. • 129(2) 3 A passive or past participle is a form such as covered, annoyed, broken, left. Although covered by insurance, Tom was annoyed about the accident. I stepped on some broken glass. There were two parcels left on the doorstep. A regular form ends in ed. For irregular forms, • 300. 4 A passive participle can be simple or continuous. Simple: They wanted the snow cleared away. Continuous: We saw the snow being cleared away. 5 A participle can also be perfect. Having waited an hour, the crowd were getting impatient. Having been delayed for an hour, the concert started at nine o'clock. 6 In the negative, not comes before the participle. He hesitated, not knowing what to do. Not having been informed, we were completely in the dark. 136 Participle clauses 1 A participle clause can be just a participle on its own. Everyone just stood there talking. There can be an object or adverbial. We saw a policeman chasing someone. Cut above the right eye, the boxer was unable to continue. An adverbial usually comes after the participle, and an object always comes after it. NOT We saw a policeman someone chasing. NOTE For adverb + participle + noun, e.g. rapidly rising inflation, • 137(2). 2 A participle can sometimes have a subject. The lights having gone out, we couldn't see a thing. If there is no subject, then it is understood to be the same as in the main clause. The men sat round the table playing cards. (The men were playing cards.) NOTE The understood subject is usually the same as in the main clause. Walking across the field, we saw a plane fly past. (= As we were walking..., we saw...) We cannot use a main clause without we, the understood subject of the participle. NOT Walking across the field, a plane flew past. This suggests that the plane was walking across the field, which is nonsense. Now look at this example. Sitting at a table, the band played for them. This might lead to a misunderstanding because it suggests that the band was sitting at a table. The following sentence is correct. Sitting at a table, they listened to the band. (= As they were sitting..., they listened...)
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Oxford University Press Walton Stre
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31 Adverbial clauses 327 32 Conditi
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VIII Acknowledgements The author an
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PAGE 1 1 English grammar 1 Summary
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PAGE 3 4 Phrases 2 There are eight
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PAGE 5 6 English compared with othe
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PAGE 7 8 Intransitive and transitiv
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PAGE 9 9 Linking verbs 9 Linking ve
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PAGE 11 10 Give, send etc 3 Which p
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PAGE 13 13 And and or 2 We can add
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PAGE 15 Statements, questions, impe
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PAGE 17 17 Negative statements 17 N
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PAGE 19 17 Negative statements NOTE
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PAGE 21 19 The imperative 19 The im
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PAGE 23 19 The imperative 5 The imp
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PAGE 25 4 Questions and answers 21
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PAGE 27 23 Inversion in questions C
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PAGE 29 25 Wh-questions: more detai
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PAGE 31 26 Question words: more det
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PAGE 33 29 Answering questions 2 We
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PAGE 35 30 Negative questions b A n
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PAGE 37 33 Indirect questions When
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PAGE 39 34 Question tags 2 Overview
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PAGE 41 35 Echo questions and echo
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PAGE 43 38 Leaving out words after
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PAGE 45 42 Leaving out words at the
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PAGE 47 43 Patterns with so, neithe
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PAGE 49 44 Some other ways of avoid
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PAGE 51 45 Special styles 4 Postcar
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PAGE 53 47 Word order and informati
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PAGE 55 49 Front position 48 The su
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PAGE 57 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 59 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 61 51 Emphasis 51 Emphasis MUS
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PAGE 63 51 Emphasis b Look at these
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PAGE 65 53 Grammar in speech and wr
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PAGE 67 54 Stress and intonation Th
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PAGE 69 55 Weak forms and short for
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PAGE 71 56 Punctuation 3 Sub clause
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PAGE 73 56 Punctuation 5 The hyphen
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PAGE 75 8 The verb phrase 57 Summar
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PAGE 77 60 The structure of the ver
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PAGE 79 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 81 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 83 64 Present continuous and p
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PAGE 85 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 87 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 89 66 Past continuous With tod
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PAGE 91 67 Present perfect continuo
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PAGE 93 68 Past perfect and past pe
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PAGE 95 10 The future 70 Summary Th
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PAGE 97 72 Be going to Won't can ex
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PAGE 99 75 The future continuous: w
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PAGE 101 78 Other ways of expressin
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PAGE 103 81 Overview: the future b
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PAGE 105 84 The ordinary verb be 83
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PAGE 107 85 Have (got) Possession:
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PAGE 109 86 The ordinary verb have
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PAGE 111 88 The ordinary verb do 4
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PAGE 113 12 Modal verbs 90 Summary
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PAGE 115 92 Necessity 4 A modal ver
Page 124 and 125: PAGE 117 92 Necessity In the past s
Page 126 and 127: PAGE 119 94 Permission 2 Had better
Page 128 and 129: PAGE 121 96 Probability NOTE a In i
Page 130 and 131: PAGE 123 97 Possibility 2 Can and c
Page 132 and 133: PAGE 125 99 Unreal situations: woul
Page 134 and 135: PAGE 127 101 The verb dare 100 Habi
Page 136 and 137: PAGE 129 102 Overview: the use of m
Page 138 and 139: 104 The use of the passive The pass
Page 140 and 141: PAGE 133 104 The use of the passive
Page 142 and 143: PAGE 135 105 Tenses and aspects in
Page 144 and 145: PAGE 137 108 The passive with verbs
Page 146 and 147: PAGE 139 110 Passive + to-infinitiv
Page 148 and 149: PAGE 141 112 The passive to-infinit
Page 150 and 151: PAGE 143 114 Overview: active and p
Page 152 and 153: PAGE 145 For and of with a to-infin
Page 154 and 155: PAGE 147 119 The to-infinitive: pur
Page 156 and 157: PAGE 149 121 To-infinitive or gerun
Page 158 and 159: PAGE 151 122 Verb + object + to-inf
Page 160 and 161: PAGE 153 123 Adjective + to-infinit
Page 162 and 163: PAGE 155 124 Noun phrase + to-infin
Page 164 and 165: PAGE 157 126 For and of with a to-i
Page 166 and 167: PAGE 159 15 The gerund 128 Summary
Page 168 and 169: PAGE 161 131 Some patterns with the
Page 170 and 171: PAGE 163 132 Preposition + gerund W
Page 172 and 173: PAGE 165 132 Preposition + gerund 7
Page 176 and 177: PAGE 169 137 Participle + noun Here
Page 178 and 179: PAGE 171 139 Participle clauses of
Page 180 and 181: PAGE 173 140 Verb + object + partic
Page 182 and 183: PAGE 175 17 Nouns and noun phrases
Page 184 and 185: PAGE 177 143 Noun phrases 143 Noun
Page 186 and 187: PAGE 179 144 Countable and uncounta
Page 188 and 189: PAGE 181 144 Countable and uncounta
Page 190 and 191: PAGE 183 145 The plural of nouns e
Page 192 and 193: PAGE 185 146 The possessive form 2
Page 194 and 195: PAGE 187 147 Two nouns together 147
Page 196 and 197: PAGE 189 148 Phrases after a noun b
Page 198 and 199: PAGE 191 18 Agreement 150 Summary S
Page 200 and 201: PAGE 193 153 One of, a number of, e
Page 202 and 203: PAGE 195 2 Plural form - singular v
Page 204 and 205: PAGE 197 157 Number in the subject
Page 206 and 207: PAGE 199 159 The form of the articl
Page 208 and 209: PAGE 201 160 The basic use of the a
Page 210 and 211: PAGE 203 162 The article in general
Page 212 and 213: PAGE 205 166 Overview: a/an, some a
Page 214 and 215: PAGE 207 169 Articles in phrases of
Page 216 and 217: 8 Phrases with last and next These
Page 218 and 219: PAGE 211 171 Place names and the d
Page 220 and 221: PAGE 213 20 Possessives and demonst
Page 222 and 223: 174 Possessives 5 A friend of mine
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PAGE 217 175 Demonstratives NOTE a
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PAGE 219 21 Quantifiers 6 Summary A
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PAGE 221 177 Large and small quanti
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PAGE 223 178 Whole and part quantit
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e f PAGE 225 In positions other tha
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PAGE 227 179 Some, any and no c d e
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PAGE 229 180 Other quantifiers 180
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PAGE 231 182 Overview: quantifiers
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22 Pronouns 183 Summary Personal pr
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PAGE 235 184 Personal pronouns c We
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PAGE 237 185 Special uses of you, o
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PAGE 239 2 Reflexive pronouns 186 R
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PAGE 241 188 One and ones 187 Overv
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PAGE 243 189 Everyone, something et
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23 Numbers and measurements 190 Sum
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PAGE 247 193 Fractions, decimals an
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PAGE 249 195 Times and dates 195 Ti
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PAGE 251 24 Adjectives 197 Summary
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PAGE 253 199 The position of adject
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PAGE 255 3 Different meanings in di
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PAGE 257 202 The order of adjective
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PAGE 259 204 The + adjective The ad
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PAGE 261 206 Introduction to adverb
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PAGE 263 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 265 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 267 210 Place and time 3 Posit
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PAGE 269 211 Adverbs of frequency 5
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PAGE 271 212 Adverbs of degree c We
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PAGE 273 212 Adverbs of degree With
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PAGE 275 214 Truth adverbs 2 Only a
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PAGE 277 216 linking adverbs Some o
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PAGE 279 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 281 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 283 221 Patterns expressing a
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PAGE 285 222 Special patterns with
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PAGE 287 224 Introduction to prepos
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225 Prepositions of place The bus i
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PAGE 291 226 Prepositions of place:
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PAGE 293 226 Prepositions of place:
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227 Prepositions of time 8 Between
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PAGE 297 227 Prepositions of time c
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PAGE 299 228 Prepositions: other me
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PAGE 301 229 Idiomatic phrases with
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PAGE 303 231 Verbs with adverbs and
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PAGE 305 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 307 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 309 You just can't live on £8
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PAGE 311 234 Verb + object + prepos
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PAGE 313 236 Adjective + prepositio
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PAGE 315 237 Noun + preposition 237
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29 Sentences with more than one cla
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PAGE 319 240 Clause combinations An
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241 Tenses in sub clauses 2 Verbs a
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30 And, or, but, so etc 243 Summary
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PAGE 325 246 Words meaning 'but' 24
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PAGE 327 31 Adverbial clauses 248 S
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2 We can use a gerund after before,
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PAGE 331 253 Other adverbial clause
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PAGE 333 32 Conditional clauses 255
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PAGE 335 257 Verbs in conditional s
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PAGE 337 257 Verbs in conditional s
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PAGE 339 259 If, as long as, unless
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PAGE 341 33 Noun clauses 260 Summar
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PAGE 343 262 Patterns with noun cla
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PAGE 345 262 Patterns with noun cla
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PAGE 347 264 Introduction to indire
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PAGE 349 266 Tell, say and ask 3 A
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PAGE 351 268 Tenses in indirect spe
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PAGE 353 269 Reporting questions d
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PAGE 355 2 Offers, warnings, apolog
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PAGE 357 272 Introduction to relati
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PAGE 359 272 Introduction to relati
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PAGE 361 273 Relative clauses witho
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PAGE 363 276 Participle relative cl
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PAGE 365 280 The relative pronoun w
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PAGE 367 36 Word-building 282 Summa
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PAGE 369 284 Prefixes 284 Prefixes
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c d e PAGE 371 Verb + ant/ent: Noun
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PAGE 373 288 Nationality words The
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PAGE 375 288 Nationality words 3 He
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PAGE 377 292 Leaving out e 2 A few
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PAGE 379 294 Consonant + y 294 Cons
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PAGE 381 298 Irregular plural endin
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PAGE 383 300 List of irregular verb
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PAGE 389 40 American English 302 Su
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PAGE 391 303 Differences with verbs
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PAGE 393 304 Differences with noun
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PAGE 395 307 Differences with conju
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PAGE 397 Glossary abstract noun See
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PAGE 399 GLOSSARY finite A finite v
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PAGE 401 GLOSSARY pair noun a plura
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PAGE 403 GLOSSARY sub clause See ma
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PAGE 405 adjective summary 197 and
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PAGE 407 anticipatory it 50(5) anxi
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PAGE 409 be about to 78(1a) past 80
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PAGE 411 chat: have a chat 87(2) ch
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PAGE 413 copula (linking verb) 9 co
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INDEX discuss with object 8(2) Note
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PAGE 417 exceed: comparative meanin
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PAGE 419 after phrasal/prepositiona
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PAGE 421 hope (noun) countable/unco
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PAGE 423 intention + to -infinitive
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PAGE 425 linking word: see conjunct
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PAGE 427 mustn't 92(4) indirect spe
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PAGE 429 INDEX after noun 160(3), 1
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PAGE 431 past simple 65 in conditio
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PAGE 433 present perfect continuous
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PAGE 435 relationship between/with
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PAGE 437 sentence 2(3) sentence adv
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PAGE 439 with phrasal/prepositional
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PAGE 441 with short form 55(2b) + t
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PAGE 443 use (noun) + gerund 131(2a
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PAGE 445 whoever in emphatic questi
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