oxford_guide_to_english_grammar

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PAGE 89 66 Past continuous With today there is little difference in meaning. It has been windy today. (The day is not yet over.) It was windy today. (The day is over.) Both sentences are spoken late in the day. The second must be in the evening. The speaker sees the day as over. We use the present perfect with this week/month/year when we mean the whole period up to now. I've seen a lot of television this week. We use the simple past for one time during the period. I saw an interesting programme this week. We might say this on Friday about something two or three days earlier. We often use the negative with phrases of unfinished time. It hasn't been very warm today. I haven't seen much television this week. d We often use for and since with the negative present perfect. I haven't skied for years. /I haven't skied since 1988. We can also use since with a clause. I haven't skied since I was twelve. Compare the past simple. I last skied years ago/in 1988/ when I was twelve. We can also use a phrase with for with the past simple to say how long something went on. I skied for hours. NOTE a We can use a pattern with it to emphasize the time. It's years since I skied/I've skied. It was in 1988 (that) I last skied. b I've been here (for) a month means that I arrived here a month ago. I am here for a month means that I have arranged to stay here for a month in total. 66 Past continuous AN UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT 'I was going home from the pub at quarter to eleven. There was a full moon. I was walking over the bridge when I saw the UFO. It was quite low. It was long and thin, shaped like a cigar. It appeared to be made of aluminium. It was travelling east to west, towards Warminster. I didn't know what to do. I didn't have a camera of course. I watched it for a minute and then it went behind a cloud.' 1 Form Past of be + active participle I/he/she/it was flying you/we/they were flying Negative Questions I/he/she/it was not flying was I/he/she/it flying? you/we/they were not flying were you/we/they flying?
9 VERB TENSES AND ASPECTS PAGE 90 2 Use a b c An action over a past period We use the past continuous for an action over a period of past time, something that we were in the middle of. At quarter to eleven I was walking home. The UFO was travelling east to west. I wasn't sleeping, so I got up. I looked into the room. All the old people were watching television. Compare the present continuous and past continuous. The UFO is travelling west. (It is in the middle of its journey.) The UFO was travelling west. (It was in the middle of its journey.) But for a complete action in the past, we use the past simple. The UFO went behind a cloud. In these examples the past continuous means an action over a whole period. The salesman was travelling from Monday to Friday. We were watching for UFOs all night. We never went to sleep. Here we could also use the past simple. Period of time: He was travelling all week. He was very tired. Complete action: He travelled all week. He drove a long way. Past continuous and past simple The period of a past continuous action can include a clock time. / was walking home at quarter to eleven. It can also include another action. / was walking home when I saw the UFO. Here the speaker sees one action as happening around another. The past continuous is the longer, background action (walking), and the past simple is the shorter, complete action (saw). The shorter action interrupted the longer one. Here are some more examples. Tim was washing his hair when the doorbell rang. I had a sudden idea when/while/as I was waiting in a traffic queue. The sun was shining when the campers woke. When two actions both went on during the same period of time, we use the past continuous for both. Tim was washing his hair while I was cleaning up the kitchen. When one complete action followed another, we use the past simple for both. Tim got up when the doorbell rang. (= The doorbell rang and then Tim got up.) Past states For a past state we normally use the past simple. My grandmother loved this house. I didn't know what to do. The UFO appeared to be made of aluminium. It had a shape like a cigar. NOTE With temporary states we can sometimes use the past continuous. For details, • 62. I didn't feel/wasn't feeling very well.
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Oxford University Press Walton Stre
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31 Adverbial clauses 327 32 Conditi
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VIII Acknowledgements The author an
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PAGE 1 1 English grammar 1 Summary
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PAGE 3 4 Phrases 2 There are eight
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PAGE 5 6 English compared with othe
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PAGE 7 8 Intransitive and transitiv
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PAGE 9 9 Linking verbs 9 Linking ve
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PAGE 11 10 Give, send etc 3 Which p
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PAGE 13 13 And and or 2 We can add
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PAGE 15 Statements, questions, impe
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PAGE 17 17 Negative statements 17 N
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PAGE 19 17 Negative statements NOTE
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PAGE 21 19 The imperative 19 The im
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PAGE 23 19 The imperative 5 The imp
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PAGE 25 4 Questions and answers 21
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PAGE 27 23 Inversion in questions C
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PAGE 29 25 Wh-questions: more detai
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PAGE 31 26 Question words: more det
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PAGE 33 29 Answering questions 2 We
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PAGE 35 30 Negative questions b A n
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PAGE 37 33 Indirect questions When
Page 46 and 47: PAGE 39 34 Question tags 2 Overview
Page 48 and 49: PAGE 41 35 Echo questions and echo
Page 50 and 51: PAGE 43 38 Leaving out words after
Page 52 and 53: PAGE 45 42 Leaving out words at the
Page 54 and 55: PAGE 47 43 Patterns with so, neithe
Page 56 and 57: PAGE 49 44 Some other ways of avoid
Page 58 and 59: PAGE 51 45 Special styles 4 Postcar
Page 60 and 61: PAGE 53 47 Word order and informati
Page 62 and 63: PAGE 55 49 Front position 48 The su
Page 64 and 65: PAGE 57 50 The empty subjects there
Page 66 and 67: PAGE 59 50 The empty subjects there
Page 68 and 69: PAGE 61 51 Emphasis 51 Emphasis MUS
Page 70 and 71: PAGE 63 51 Emphasis b Look at these
Page 72 and 73: PAGE 65 53 Grammar in speech and wr
Page 74 and 75: PAGE 67 54 Stress and intonation Th
Page 76 and 77: PAGE 69 55 Weak forms and short for
Page 78 and 79: PAGE 71 56 Punctuation 3 Sub clause
Page 80 and 81: PAGE 73 56 Punctuation 5 The hyphen
Page 82 and 83: PAGE 75 8 The verb phrase 57 Summar
Page 84 and 85: PAGE 77 60 The structure of the ver
Page 86 and 87: PAGE 79 62 Action verbs and state v
Page 88 and 89: PAGE 81 62 Action verbs and state v
Page 90 and 91: PAGE 83 64 Present continuous and p
Page 92 and 93: PAGE 85 65 Present perfect and past
Page 94 and 95: PAGE 87 65 Present perfect and past
Page 98 and 99: PAGE 91 67 Present perfect continuo
Page 100 and 101: PAGE 93 68 Past perfect and past pe
Page 102 and 103: PAGE 95 10 The future 70 Summary Th
Page 104 and 105: PAGE 97 72 Be going to Won't can ex
Page 106 and 107: PAGE 99 75 The future continuous: w
Page 108 and 109: PAGE 101 78 Other ways of expressin
Page 110 and 111: PAGE 103 81 Overview: the future b
Page 112 and 113: PAGE 105 84 The ordinary verb be 83
Page 114 and 115: PAGE 107 85 Have (got) Possession:
Page 116 and 117: PAGE 109 86 The ordinary verb have
Page 118 and 119: PAGE 111 88 The ordinary verb do 4
Page 120 and 121: PAGE 113 12 Modal verbs 90 Summary
Page 122 and 123: PAGE 115 92 Necessity 4 A modal ver
Page 124 and 125: PAGE 117 92 Necessity In the past s
Page 126 and 127: PAGE 119 94 Permission 2 Had better
Page 128 and 129: PAGE 121 96 Probability NOTE a In i
Page 130 and 131: PAGE 123 97 Possibility 2 Can and c
Page 132 and 133: PAGE 125 99 Unreal situations: woul
Page 134 and 135: PAGE 127 101 The verb dare 100 Habi
Page 136 and 137: PAGE 129 102 Overview: the use of m
Page 138 and 139: 104 The use of the passive The pass
Page 140 and 141: PAGE 133 104 The use of the passive
Page 142 and 143: PAGE 135 105 Tenses and aspects in
Page 144 and 145: PAGE 137 108 The passive with verbs
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PAGE 139 110 Passive + to-infinitiv
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PAGE 141 112 The passive to-infinit
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PAGE 143 114 Overview: active and p
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PAGE 145 For and of with a to-infin
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PAGE 147 119 The to-infinitive: pur
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PAGE 149 121 To-infinitive or gerun
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PAGE 151 122 Verb + object + to-inf
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PAGE 153 123 Adjective + to-infinit
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PAGE 155 124 Noun phrase + to-infin
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PAGE 157 126 For and of with a to-i
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PAGE 159 15 The gerund 128 Summary
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PAGE 161 131 Some patterns with the
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PAGE 163 132 Preposition + gerund W
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PAGE 165 132 Preposition + gerund 7
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PAGE 167 16 Participles 134 Summary
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PAGE 169 137 Participle + noun Here
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PAGE 171 139 Participle clauses of
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PAGE 173 140 Verb + object + partic
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PAGE 175 17 Nouns and noun phrases
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PAGE 177 143 Noun phrases 143 Noun
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PAGE 179 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 181 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 183 145 The plural of nouns e
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PAGE 185 146 The possessive form 2
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PAGE 187 147 Two nouns together 147
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PAGE 189 148 Phrases after a noun b
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PAGE 191 18 Agreement 150 Summary S
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PAGE 193 153 One of, a number of, e
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PAGE 195 2 Plural form - singular v
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PAGE 197 157 Number in the subject
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PAGE 199 159 The form of the articl
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PAGE 201 160 The basic use of the a
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PAGE 203 162 The article in general
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PAGE 205 166 Overview: a/an, some a
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PAGE 207 169 Articles in phrases of
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8 Phrases with last and next These
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PAGE 211 171 Place names and the d
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PAGE 213 20 Possessives and demonst
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174 Possessives 5 A friend of mine
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PAGE 217 175 Demonstratives NOTE a
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PAGE 219 21 Quantifiers 6 Summary A
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PAGE 221 177 Large and small quanti
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PAGE 223 178 Whole and part quantit
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e f PAGE 225 In positions other tha
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PAGE 227 179 Some, any and no c d e
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PAGE 229 180 Other quantifiers 180
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PAGE 231 182 Overview: quantifiers
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22 Pronouns 183 Summary Personal pr
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PAGE 235 184 Personal pronouns c We
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PAGE 237 185 Special uses of you, o
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PAGE 239 2 Reflexive pronouns 186 R
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PAGE 241 188 One and ones 187 Overv
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PAGE 243 189 Everyone, something et
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23 Numbers and measurements 190 Sum
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PAGE 247 193 Fractions, decimals an
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PAGE 249 195 Times and dates 195 Ti
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PAGE 251 24 Adjectives 197 Summary
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PAGE 253 199 The position of adject
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PAGE 255 3 Different meanings in di
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PAGE 257 202 The order of adjective
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PAGE 259 204 The + adjective The ad
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PAGE 261 206 Introduction to adverb
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PAGE 263 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 265 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 267 210 Place and time 3 Posit
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PAGE 269 211 Adverbs of frequency 5
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PAGE 271 212 Adverbs of degree c We
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PAGE 273 212 Adverbs of degree With
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PAGE 275 214 Truth adverbs 2 Only a
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PAGE 277 216 linking adverbs Some o
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PAGE 279 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 281 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 283 221 Patterns expressing a
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PAGE 285 222 Special patterns with
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PAGE 287 224 Introduction to prepos
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225 Prepositions of place The bus i
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PAGE 291 226 Prepositions of place:
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PAGE 293 226 Prepositions of place:
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227 Prepositions of time 8 Between
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PAGE 297 227 Prepositions of time c
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PAGE 299 228 Prepositions: other me
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PAGE 301 229 Idiomatic phrases with
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PAGE 303 231 Verbs with adverbs and
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PAGE 305 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 307 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 309 You just can't live on £8
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PAGE 311 234 Verb + object + prepos
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PAGE 313 236 Adjective + prepositio
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PAGE 315 237 Noun + preposition 237
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29 Sentences with more than one cla
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PAGE 319 240 Clause combinations An
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241 Tenses in sub clauses 2 Verbs a
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30 And, or, but, so etc 243 Summary
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PAGE 325 246 Words meaning 'but' 24
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PAGE 327 31 Adverbial clauses 248 S
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2 We can use a gerund after before,
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PAGE 331 253 Other adverbial clause
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PAGE 333 32 Conditional clauses 255
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PAGE 335 257 Verbs in conditional s
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PAGE 337 257 Verbs in conditional s
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PAGE 339 259 If, as long as, unless
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PAGE 341 33 Noun clauses 260 Summar
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PAGE 343 262 Patterns with noun cla
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PAGE 345 262 Patterns with noun cla
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PAGE 347 264 Introduction to indire
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PAGE 349 266 Tell, say and ask 3 A
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PAGE 351 268 Tenses in indirect spe
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PAGE 353 269 Reporting questions d
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PAGE 355 2 Offers, warnings, apolog
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PAGE 357 272 Introduction to relati
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PAGE 359 272 Introduction to relati
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PAGE 361 273 Relative clauses witho
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PAGE 363 276 Participle relative cl
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PAGE 365 280 The relative pronoun w
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PAGE 367 36 Word-building 282 Summa
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PAGE 369 284 Prefixes 284 Prefixes
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c d e PAGE 371 Verb + ant/ent: Noun
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PAGE 373 288 Nationality words The
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PAGE 375 288 Nationality words 3 He
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PAGE 377 292 Leaving out e 2 A few
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PAGE 379 294 Consonant + y 294 Cons
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PAGE 381 298 Irregular plural endin
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PAGE 383 300 List of irregular verb
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PAGE 389 40 American English 302 Su
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PAGE 391 303 Differences with verbs
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PAGE 393 304 Differences with noun
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PAGE 395 307 Differences with conju
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PAGE 397 Glossary abstract noun See
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PAGE 399 GLOSSARY finite A finite v
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PAGE 401 GLOSSARY pair noun a plura
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PAGE 403 GLOSSARY sub clause See ma
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PAGE 405 adjective summary 197 and
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PAGE 407 anticipatory it 50(5) anxi
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PAGE 409 be about to 78(1a) past 80
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PAGE 411 chat: have a chat 87(2) ch
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PAGE 413 copula (linking verb) 9 co
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INDEX discuss with object 8(2) Note
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PAGE 417 exceed: comparative meanin
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PAGE 419 after phrasal/prepositiona
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PAGE 421 hope (noun) countable/unco
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PAGE 423 intention + to -infinitive
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PAGE 425 linking word: see conjunct
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PAGE 427 mustn't 92(4) indirect spe
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PAGE 429 INDEX after noun 160(3), 1
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PAGE 431 past simple 65 in conditio
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PAGE 433 present perfect continuous
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PAGE 435 relationship between/with
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PAGE 437 sentence 2(3) sentence adv
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PAGE 439 with phrasal/prepositional
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PAGE 441 with short form 55(2b) + t
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PAGE 443 use (noun) + gerund 131(2a
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PAGE 445 whoever in emphatic questi
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