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PAGE 387 300 List of irregular verbs Base form Past tense Past/passive participle NOTE a For verbs which have forms both in ed and t, e.g. burned / burnt, dream / dreamt, • 303(11). b Cost as a transitive verb is regular. They've costed the project. (= estimated the cost) c The third person singular of do is does d Fit is usually regular in Britain but irregular in the US. e In GB the past tense of forbid is forbad or forbade, pronounced . In the US it is forbade, pronounced f For the past participle gotten (US), • 303(5d). g The third person singular of go is goes For gone and been, • 84(6). h We use hanged only <strong>to</strong> talk about hanging a person. i The third person singular of have is has j For the difference between lay and lie, • 11 (2) Note b. Lie (= tell an untruth) is regular. k The third person singular of say is says 1 Shined means 'polished': I've shined my shoes. Compare The sun shone. m We use sped for movement. They sped down the hill. But we say speeded up (= went faster), n Weave is regular when it expresses movement. We weaved our way through the traffic.
39 IRREGULAR VERB FORMS . PAGE 388 301 Special participle forms There are some special past/passive participle forms that we use mainly before a noun. Compare these sentences. have + participle: The ship has sunk. The metal has melted. Participle + noun: a sunken ship molten metal We can also form special participles from drink, shrink, prove, learn and bless. a drunken specta<strong>to</strong>r a shrunken old man a proven fact a learned professor a blessed relief NOTE These participles can have special meanings and are used only in limited contexts. For example, we talk about molten metal but NOT molten ice.
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Oxford University Press Walton Stre
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31 Adverbial clauses 327 32 Conditi
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VIII Acknowledgements The author an
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PAGE 1 1 English grammar 1 Summary
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PAGE 3 4 Phrases 2 There are eight
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PAGE 5 6 English compared with othe
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PAGE 7 8 Intransitive and transitiv
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PAGE 9 9 Linking verbs 9 Linking ve
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PAGE 11 10 Give, send etc 3 Which p
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PAGE 13 13 And and or 2 We can add
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PAGE 15 Statements, questions, impe
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PAGE 17 17 Negative statements 17 N
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PAGE 19 17 Negative statements NOTE
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PAGE 21 19 The imperative 19 The im
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PAGE 23 19 The imperative 5 The imp
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PAGE 25 4 Questions and answers 21
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PAGE 27 23 Inversion in questions C
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PAGE 29 25 Wh-questions: more detai
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PAGE 31 26 Question words: more det
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PAGE 33 29 Answering questions 2 We
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PAGE 35 30 Negative questions b A n
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PAGE 37 33 Indirect questions When
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PAGE 39 34 Question tags 2 Overview
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PAGE 41 35 Echo questions and echo
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PAGE 43 38 Leaving out words after
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PAGE 45 42 Leaving out words at the
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PAGE 47 43 Patterns with so, neithe
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PAGE 49 44 Some other ways of avoid
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PAGE 51 45 Special styles 4 Postcar
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PAGE 53 47 Word order and informati
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PAGE 55 49 Front position 48 The su
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PAGE 57 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 59 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 61 51 Emphasis 51 Emphasis MUS
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PAGE 63 51 Emphasis b Look at these
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PAGE 65 53 Grammar in speech and wr
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PAGE 67 54 Stress and intonation Th
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PAGE 69 55 Weak forms and short for
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PAGE 71 56 Punctuation 3 Sub clause
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PAGE 73 56 Punctuation 5 The hyphen
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PAGE 75 8 The verb phrase 57 Summar
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PAGE 77 60 The structure of the ver
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PAGE 79 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 81 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 83 64 Present continuous and p
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PAGE 85 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 87 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 89 66 Past continuous With tod
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PAGE 91 67 Present perfect continuo
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PAGE 93 68 Past perfect and past pe
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PAGE 95 10 The future 70 Summary Th
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PAGE 97 72 Be going to Won't can ex
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PAGE 99 75 The future continuous: w
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PAGE 101 78 Other ways of expressin
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PAGE 103 81 Overview: the future b
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PAGE 105 84 The ordinary verb be 83
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PAGE 107 85 Have (got) Possession:
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PAGE 109 86 The ordinary verb have
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PAGE 111 88 The ordinary verb do 4
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PAGE 113 12 Modal verbs 90 Summary
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PAGE 115 92 Necessity 4 A modal ver
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PAGE 117 92 Necessity In the past s
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PAGE 119 94 Permission 2 Had better
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PAGE 121 96 Probability NOTE a In i
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PAGE 123 97 Possibility 2 Can and c
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PAGE 125 99 Unreal situations: woul
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PAGE 127 101 The verb dare 100 Habi
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PAGE 129 102 Overview: the use of m
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104 The use of the passive The pass
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PAGE 133 104 The use of the passive
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PAGE 135 105 Tenses and aspects in
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PAGE 137 108 The passive with verbs
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PAGE 139 110 Passive + to-infinitiv
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PAGE 141 112 The passive to-infinit
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PAGE 143 114 Overview: active and p
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PAGE 145 For and of with a to-infin
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PAGE 147 119 The to-infinitive: pur
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PAGE 149 121 To-infinitive or gerun
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PAGE 151 122 Verb + object + to-inf
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PAGE 153 123 Adjective + to-infinit
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PAGE 155 124 Noun phrase + to-infin
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PAGE 157 126 For and of with a to-i
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PAGE 159 15 The gerund 128 Summary
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PAGE 161 131 Some patterns with the
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PAGE 163 132 Preposition + gerund W
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PAGE 165 132 Preposition + gerund 7
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PAGE 167 16 Participles 134 Summary
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PAGE 169 137 Participle + noun Here
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PAGE 171 139 Participle clauses of
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PAGE 173 140 Verb + object + partic
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PAGE 175 17 Nouns and noun phrases
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PAGE 177 143 Noun phrases 143 Noun
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PAGE 179 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 181 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 183 145 The plural of nouns e
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PAGE 185 146 The possessive form 2
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PAGE 187 147 Two nouns together 147
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PAGE 189 148 Phrases after a noun b
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PAGE 191 18 Agreement 150 Summary S
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PAGE 193 153 One of, a number of, e
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PAGE 195 2 Plural form - singular v
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PAGE 197 157 Number in the subject
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PAGE 199 159 The form of the articl
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PAGE 201 160 The basic use of the a
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PAGE 203 162 The article in general
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PAGE 205 166 Overview: a/an, some a
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PAGE 207 169 Articles in phrases of
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8 Phrases with last and next These
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PAGE 211 171 Place names and the d
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PAGE 213 20 Possessives and demonst
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174 Possessives 5 A friend of mine
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PAGE 217 175 Demonstratives NOTE a
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PAGE 219 21 Quantifiers 6 Summary A
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PAGE 221 177 Large and small quanti
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PAGE 223 178 Whole and part quantit
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e f PAGE 225 In positions other tha
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PAGE 227 179 Some, any and no c d e
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PAGE 229 180 Other quantifiers 180
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PAGE 231 182 Overview: quantifiers
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22 Pronouns 183 Summary Personal pr
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PAGE 235 184 Personal pronouns c We
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PAGE 237 185 Special uses of you, o
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PAGE 239 2 Reflexive pronouns 186 R
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PAGE 241 188 One and ones 187 Overv
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PAGE 243 189 Everyone, something et
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23 Numbers and measurements 190 Sum
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PAGE 247 193 Fractions, decimals an
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PAGE 249 195 Times and dates 195 Ti
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PAGE 251 24 Adjectives 197 Summary
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PAGE 253 199 The position of adject
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PAGE 255 3 Different meanings in di
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PAGE 257 202 The order of adjective
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PAGE 259 204 The + adjective The ad
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PAGE 261 206 Introduction to adverb
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PAGE 263 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 265 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 267 210 Place and time 3 Posit
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PAGE 269 211 Adverbs of frequency 5
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PAGE 271 212 Adverbs of degree c We
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PAGE 273 212 Adverbs of degree With
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PAGE 275 214 Truth adverbs 2 Only a
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PAGE 277 216 linking adverbs Some o
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PAGE 279 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 281 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 283 221 Patterns expressing a
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PAGE 285 222 Special patterns with
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PAGE 287 224 Introduction to prepos
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225 Prepositions of place The bus i
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PAGE 291 226 Prepositions of place:
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PAGE 293 226 Prepositions of place:
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227 Prepositions of time 8 Between
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PAGE 297 227 Prepositions of time c
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PAGE 299 228 Prepositions: other me
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PAGE 301 229 Idiomatic phrases with
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PAGE 303 231 Verbs with adverbs and
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PAGE 305 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 307 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 309 You just can't live on £8
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PAGE 311 234 Verb + object + prepos
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PAGE 313 236 Adjective + prepositio
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PAGE 315 237 Noun + preposition 237
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29 Sentences with more than one cla
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PAGE 319 240 Clause combinations An
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241 Tenses in sub clauses 2 Verbs a
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30 And, or, but, so etc 243 Summary
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PAGE 325 246 Words meaning 'but' 24
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PAGE 327 31 Adverbial clauses 248 S
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2 We can use a gerund after before,
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PAGE 331 253 Other adverbial clause
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PAGE 333 32 Conditional clauses 255
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PAGE 335 257 Verbs in conditional s
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Page 346 and 347: PAGE 339 259 If, as long as, unless
Page 348 and 349: PAGE 341 33 Noun clauses 260 Summar
Page 350 and 351: PAGE 343 262 Patterns with noun cla
Page 352 and 353: PAGE 345 262 Patterns with noun cla
Page 354 and 355: PAGE 347 264 Introduction to indire
Page 356 and 357: PAGE 349 266 Tell, say and ask 3 A
Page 358 and 359: PAGE 351 268 Tenses in indirect spe
Page 360 and 361: PAGE 353 269 Reporting questions d
Page 362 and 363: PAGE 355 2 Offers, warnings, apolog
Page 364 and 365: PAGE 357 272 Introduction to relati
Page 366 and 367: PAGE 359 272 Introduction to relati
Page 368 and 369: PAGE 361 273 Relative clauses witho
Page 370 and 371: PAGE 363 276 Participle relative cl
Page 372 and 373: PAGE 365 280 The relative pronoun w
Page 374 and 375: PAGE 367 36 Word-building 282 Summa
Page 376 and 377: PAGE 369 284 Prefixes 284 Prefixes
Page 378 and 379: c d e PAGE 371 Verb + ant/ent: Noun
Page 380 and 381: PAGE 373 288 Nationality words The
Page 382 and 383: PAGE 375 288 Nationality words 3 He
Page 384 and 385: PAGE 377 292 Leaving out e 2 A few
Page 386 and 387: PAGE 379 294 Consonant + y 294 Cons
Page 388 and 389: PAGE 381 298 Irregular plural endin
Page 390 and 391: PAGE 383 300 List of irregular verb
Page 392 and 393: PAGE 385 300 List of irregular verb
Page 396 and 397: PAGE 389 40 American English 302 Su
Page 398 and 399: PAGE 391 303 Differences with verbs
Page 400 and 401: PAGE 393 304 Differences with noun
Page 402 and 403: PAGE 395 307 Differences with conju
Page 404 and 405: PAGE 397 Glossary abstract noun See
Page 406 and 407: PAGE 399 GLOSSARY finite A finite v
Page 408 and 409: PAGE 401 GLOSSARY pair noun a plura
Page 410 and 411: PAGE 403 GLOSSARY sub clause See ma
Page 412 and 413: PAGE 405 adjective summary 197 and
Page 414 and 415: PAGE 407 anticipatory it 50(5) anxi
Page 416 and 417: PAGE 409 be about to 78(1a) past 80
Page 418 and 419: PAGE 411 chat: have a chat 87(2) ch
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Page 422 and 423: INDEX discuss with object 8(2) Note
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Page 428 and 429: PAGE 421 hope (noun) countable/unco
Page 430 and 431: PAGE 423 intention + to -infinitive
Page 432 and 433: PAGE 425 linking word: see conjunct
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Page 436 and 437: PAGE 429 INDEX after noun 160(3), 1
Page 438 and 439: PAGE 431 past simple 65 in conditio
Page 440 and 441: PAGE 433 present perfect continuous
Page 442 and 443: PAGE 435 relationship between/with
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PAGE 437 sentence 2(3) sentence adv
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PAGE 439 with phrasal/prepositional
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PAGE 441 with short form 55(2b) + t
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PAGE 443 use (noun) + gerund 131(2a
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PAGE 445 whoever in emphatic questi
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