oxford_guide_to_english_grammar

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PAGE 365 280 The relative pronoun what 278 Which relating to a clause Which can relate to a whole clause, not just to a noun. The team has lost all its matches, which doesn't surprise me. (= The fact that the team has lost all its matches doesn't surprise me.) Anna and Matthew spent the whole time arguing, which annoyed Laura. I get paid a hit more now, which means I can afford to run a car. In this pattern the relative clause with which is an adding clause. We normally put a comma before which. We cannot use that or what instead of which in this pattern. 279 Relative adverbs 1 There are relative adverbs where, when and why. The house where I used to live has been knocked down. Do you remember the time when we all went to a night club? The reason why I can't go is that I don't have time. We use where after nouns like place, house, street, town, country. We use when after nouns like time, period, moment, day, summer. We use why after reason. NOTE We can use where and when without a noun. Where I used to live has been knocked down. Do you remember when we all went to a night club? 2 Instead of a clause with where, we can often use one with a preposition. The house (that) I used to live in has been knocked down. We can leave out when or why, or we can use that instead. Do you remember the time (that) we all went to a night club? The reason (that) I can't go is that I don't have time. 3 Clauses with where and when can be adding or connective clauses. We walked up to the top of the hill, where we got a marvellous view. Can't we go next week, when I won't be so busy? We cannot leave out where or when here, and we cannot use that. 280 The relative pronoun what We can use what in this pattern. We'd better write a list of what we need to pack. (= the things that we need to pack) I was going to buy a new coat, but I couldn't find what I wanted. (= the thing that I wanted) But vhat cannot relate to a noun. NOT the coat what I wanted We can use what in indirect speech. • 269(3) I told you what we need to pack. We can also use what in a special pattern to emphasize a phrase. • 51 (4) What we need to pack is just a few clothes.
35 RELATIVE CLAUSES PAGE 366 281 Whoever, whatever and whichever Look at these examples. Whoever designed this building ought to be shot. (= the person who designed this building - no matter who it is) I'll spend my money on whatever I like. (= the thing that I like - no matter what it is) Whichever date we choose will be inconvenient for some of us. (= the date that we choose - no matter which it is) We cannot use who in this pattern. NOT Who-dcsigned this building ought to be shot. But we can use what. • 280 For whoever etc in another pattern, • 254.
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Oxford University Press Walton Stre
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31 Adverbial clauses 327 32 Conditi
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VIII Acknowledgements The author an
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PAGE 1 1 English grammar 1 Summary
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PAGE 3 4 Phrases 2 There are eight
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PAGE 5 6 English compared with othe
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PAGE 7 8 Intransitive and transitiv
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PAGE 9 9 Linking verbs 9 Linking ve
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PAGE 11 10 Give, send etc 3 Which p
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PAGE 13 13 And and or 2 We can add
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PAGE 15 Statements, questions, impe
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PAGE 17 17 Negative statements 17 N
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PAGE 19 17 Negative statements NOTE
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PAGE 21 19 The imperative 19 The im
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PAGE 23 19 The imperative 5 The imp
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PAGE 25 4 Questions and answers 21
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PAGE 27 23 Inversion in questions C
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PAGE 29 25 Wh-questions: more detai
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PAGE 31 26 Question words: more det
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PAGE 33 29 Answering questions 2 We
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PAGE 35 30 Negative questions b A n
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PAGE 37 33 Indirect questions When
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PAGE 39 34 Question tags 2 Overview
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PAGE 41 35 Echo questions and echo
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PAGE 43 38 Leaving out words after
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PAGE 45 42 Leaving out words at the
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PAGE 47 43 Patterns with so, neithe
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PAGE 49 44 Some other ways of avoid
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PAGE 51 45 Special styles 4 Postcar
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PAGE 53 47 Word order and informati
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PAGE 55 49 Front position 48 The su
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PAGE 57 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 59 50 The empty subjects there
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PAGE 61 51 Emphasis 51 Emphasis MUS
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PAGE 63 51 Emphasis b Look at these
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PAGE 65 53 Grammar in speech and wr
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PAGE 67 54 Stress and intonation Th
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PAGE 69 55 Weak forms and short for
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PAGE 71 56 Punctuation 3 Sub clause
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PAGE 73 56 Punctuation 5 The hyphen
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PAGE 75 8 The verb phrase 57 Summar
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PAGE 77 60 The structure of the ver
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PAGE 79 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 81 62 Action verbs and state v
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PAGE 83 64 Present continuous and p
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PAGE 85 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 87 65 Present perfect and past
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PAGE 89 66 Past continuous With tod
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PAGE 91 67 Present perfect continuo
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PAGE 93 68 Past perfect and past pe
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PAGE 95 10 The future 70 Summary Th
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PAGE 97 72 Be going to Won't can ex
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PAGE 99 75 The future continuous: w
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PAGE 101 78 Other ways of expressin
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PAGE 103 81 Overview: the future b
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PAGE 105 84 The ordinary verb be 83
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PAGE 107 85 Have (got) Possession:
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PAGE 109 86 The ordinary verb have
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PAGE 111 88 The ordinary verb do 4
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PAGE 113 12 Modal verbs 90 Summary
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PAGE 115 92 Necessity 4 A modal ver
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PAGE 117 92 Necessity In the past s
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PAGE 119 94 Permission 2 Had better
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PAGE 121 96 Probability NOTE a In i
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PAGE 123 97 Possibility 2 Can and c
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PAGE 125 99 Unreal situations: woul
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PAGE 127 101 The verb dare 100 Habi
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PAGE 129 102 Overview: the use of m
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104 The use of the passive The pass
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PAGE 133 104 The use of the passive
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PAGE 135 105 Tenses and aspects in
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PAGE 137 108 The passive with verbs
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PAGE 139 110 Passive + to-infinitiv
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PAGE 141 112 The passive to-infinit
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PAGE 143 114 Overview: active and p
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PAGE 145 For and of with a to-infin
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PAGE 147 119 The to-infinitive: pur
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PAGE 149 121 To-infinitive or gerun
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PAGE 151 122 Verb + object + to-inf
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PAGE 153 123 Adjective + to-infinit
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PAGE 155 124 Noun phrase + to-infin
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PAGE 157 126 For and of with a to-i
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PAGE 159 15 The gerund 128 Summary
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PAGE 161 131 Some patterns with the
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PAGE 163 132 Preposition + gerund W
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PAGE 165 132 Preposition + gerund 7
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PAGE 167 16 Participles 134 Summary
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PAGE 169 137 Participle + noun Here
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PAGE 171 139 Participle clauses of
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PAGE 173 140 Verb + object + partic
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PAGE 175 17 Nouns and noun phrases
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PAGE 177 143 Noun phrases 143 Noun
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PAGE 179 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 181 144 Countable and uncounta
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PAGE 183 145 The plural of nouns e
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PAGE 185 146 The possessive form 2
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PAGE 187 147 Two nouns together 147
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PAGE 189 148 Phrases after a noun b
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PAGE 191 18 Agreement 150 Summary S
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PAGE 193 153 One of, a number of, e
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PAGE 195 2 Plural form - singular v
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PAGE 197 157 Number in the subject
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PAGE 199 159 The form of the articl
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PAGE 201 160 The basic use of the a
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PAGE 203 162 The article in general
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PAGE 205 166 Overview: a/an, some a
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PAGE 207 169 Articles in phrases of
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8 Phrases with last and next These
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PAGE 211 171 Place names and the d
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PAGE 213 20 Possessives and demonst
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174 Possessives 5 A friend of mine
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PAGE 217 175 Demonstratives NOTE a
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PAGE 219 21 Quantifiers 6 Summary A
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PAGE 221 177 Large and small quanti
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PAGE 223 178 Whole and part quantit
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e f PAGE 225 In positions other tha
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PAGE 227 179 Some, any and no c d e
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PAGE 229 180 Other quantifiers 180
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PAGE 231 182 Overview: quantifiers
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22 Pronouns 183 Summary Personal pr
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PAGE 235 184 Personal pronouns c We
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PAGE 237 185 Special uses of you, o
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PAGE 239 2 Reflexive pronouns 186 R
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PAGE 241 188 One and ones 187 Overv
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PAGE 243 189 Everyone, something et
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23 Numbers and measurements 190 Sum
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PAGE 247 193 Fractions, decimals an
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PAGE 249 195 Times and dates 195 Ti
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PAGE 251 24 Adjectives 197 Summary
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PAGE 253 199 The position of adject
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PAGE 255 3 Different meanings in di
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PAGE 257 202 The order of adjective
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PAGE 259 204 The + adjective The ad
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PAGE 261 206 Introduction to adverb
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PAGE 263 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 265 208 The position of adverb
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PAGE 267 210 Place and time 3 Posit
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PAGE 269 211 Adverbs of frequency 5
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PAGE 271 212 Adverbs of degree c We
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PAGE 273 212 Adverbs of degree With
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PAGE 275 214 Truth adverbs 2 Only a
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PAGE 277 216 linking adverbs Some o
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PAGE 279 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 281 218 Comparative and superl
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PAGE 283 221 Patterns expressing a
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PAGE 285 222 Special patterns with
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PAGE 287 224 Introduction to prepos
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225 Prepositions of place The bus i
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PAGE 291 226 Prepositions of place:
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PAGE 293 226 Prepositions of place:
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227 Prepositions of time 8 Between
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PAGE 297 227 Prepositions of time c
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PAGE 299 228 Prepositions: other me
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PAGE 301 229 Idiomatic phrases with
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PAGE 303 231 Verbs with adverbs and
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PAGE 305 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 307 232 Phrasal verb meanings
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PAGE 309 You just can't live on £8
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PAGE 311 234 Verb + object + prepos
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PAGE 313 236 Adjective + prepositio
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Page 324 and 325: 29 Sentences with more than one cla
Page 326 and 327: PAGE 319 240 Clause combinations An
Page 328 and 329: 241 Tenses in sub clauses 2 Verbs a
Page 330 and 331: 30 And, or, but, so etc 243 Summary
Page 332 and 333: PAGE 325 246 Words meaning 'but' 24
Page 334 and 335: PAGE 327 31 Adverbial clauses 248 S
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Page 338 and 339: PAGE 331 253 Other adverbial clause
Page 340 and 341: PAGE 333 32 Conditional clauses 255
Page 342 and 343: PAGE 335 257 Verbs in conditional s
Page 344 and 345: PAGE 337 257 Verbs in conditional s
Page 346 and 347: PAGE 339 259 If, as long as, unless
Page 348 and 349: PAGE 341 33 Noun clauses 260 Summar
Page 350 and 351: PAGE 343 262 Patterns with noun cla
Page 352 and 353: PAGE 345 262 Patterns with noun cla
Page 354 and 355: PAGE 347 264 Introduction to indire
Page 356 and 357: PAGE 349 266 Tell, say and ask 3 A
Page 358 and 359: PAGE 351 268 Tenses in indirect spe
Page 360 and 361: PAGE 353 269 Reporting questions d
Page 362 and 363: PAGE 355 2 Offers, warnings, apolog
Page 364 and 365: PAGE 357 272 Introduction to relati
Page 366 and 367: PAGE 359 272 Introduction to relati
Page 368 and 369: PAGE 361 273 Relative clauses witho
Page 370 and 371: PAGE 363 276 Participle relative cl
Page 374 and 375: PAGE 367 36 Word-building 282 Summa
Page 376 and 377: PAGE 369 284 Prefixes 284 Prefixes
Page 378 and 379: c d e PAGE 371 Verb + ant/ent: Noun
Page 380 and 381: PAGE 373 288 Nationality words The
Page 382 and 383: PAGE 375 288 Nationality words 3 He
Page 384 and 385: PAGE 377 292 Leaving out e 2 A few
Page 386 and 387: PAGE 379 294 Consonant + y 294 Cons
Page 388 and 389: PAGE 381 298 Irregular plural endin
Page 390 and 391: PAGE 383 300 List of irregular verb
Page 396 and 397: PAGE 389 40 American English 302 Su
Page 398 and 399: PAGE 391 303 Differences with verbs
Page 400 and 401: PAGE 393 304 Differences with noun
Page 402 and 403: PAGE 395 307 Differences with conju
Page 404 and 405: PAGE 397 Glossary abstract noun See
Page 406 and 407: PAGE 399 GLOSSARY finite A finite v
Page 408 and 409: PAGE 401 GLOSSARY pair noun a plura
Page 410 and 411: PAGE 403 GLOSSARY sub clause See ma
Page 412 and 413: PAGE 405 adjective summary 197 and
Page 414 and 415: PAGE 407 anticipatory it 50(5) anxi
Page 416 and 417: PAGE 409 be about to 78(1a) past 80
Page 418 and 419: PAGE 411 chat: have a chat 87(2) ch
Page 420 and 421: PAGE 413 copula (linking verb) 9 co
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INDEX discuss with object 8(2) Note
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PAGE 417 exceed: comparative meanin
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PAGE 419 after phrasal/prepositiona
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PAGE 421 hope (noun) countable/unco
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PAGE 423 intention + to -infinitive
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PAGE 425 linking word: see conjunct
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PAGE 427 mustn't 92(4) indirect spe
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PAGE 429 INDEX after noun 160(3), 1
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PAGE 431 past simple 65 in conditio
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PAGE 433 present perfect continuous
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PAGE 435 relationship between/with
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PAGE 437 sentence 2(3) sentence adv
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PAGE 439 with phrasal/prepositional
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PAGE 441 with short form 55(2b) + t
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PAGE 443 use (noun) + gerund 131(2a
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PAGE 445 whoever in emphatic questi
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