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. $ $300 - 270 - 240 - 210 - 180 - 150 - 120 - 90 - z 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Workers At a marginal factor cost of $160, 5 workers would be employed. Answer to Think Like an Economist – The New CEO: D = MRP Situation #2 would give you more confidence in the future of XYZ Corporation. Thinking like an economist, you would reason that the new CEO must be extremely gifted to have won the job despite a less than impressive personal appearance. In Situation #1, you would be concerned that the new CEO had been hired primarily because of personal appearance, rather than ability. Answer to Think Like an Economist – How to Treat Employees: Management style B will likely yield greater profits than management style A. Management style B results in more pleasant working conditions than management style A. This will mean that the supply of labor will be greater and the wage rate lower for management style B than for management style A. Table for Multiple Choice Questions 4. through 9.: Workers Gadgets MPP Total Revenue MRP MFC 0 0 X $0 X X 1 80 80 $320 $320 $180 2 150 70 600 280 180 3 210 60 840 240 180 4 260 50 1040 200 180 5 300 40 1200 160 180 6 330 30 1320 120 180 7 350 20 1400 80 180 FOR REVIEW ONLY - NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION Factor Markets 24 - 16
Chapter 25 Labor Unions The primary source of household income for most Americans is from selling their labor in labor markets. Labor markets tend to be highly competitive. Workers find that they are in competition with many other workers for the available jobs. Individual workers will typically find that they have little or no bargaining power in negotiating with their employer. Workers can increase their bargaining power and avoid competing with one another by forming a labor union. A labor union is an organization of workers. The union represents all of the eligible workers in negotiating with management over wages and other issues. This is called collective bargaining. The union provides the workers with a monopoly or cartel position in selling their labor. Most cartels are illegal under U.S. antitrust law. However, unions have been specifically exempted from antitrust law by the Clayton Act of 1914 and by judicial interpretations of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935. Types of Labor Unions There are different types of labor unions: 1. Craft union. This is a union made up of workers who practice the same craft, such as actors, musicians, carpenters, electricians, plumbers, airline pilots, etc. 2. Industrial union. This is a union made up of workers in the same industry, such as autoworkers, teamsters, steelworkers, etc. 3. Public employee union. This is a union made up of workers employed by the government, such as school teachers, municipal employees, firefighters, etc. Union membership has been declining in the American workforce. In the 1950s, around one-third of the labor force was unionized. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the percentage of wage and salary workers who were union members had fallen to 20% by 1983, and had fallen to 11.3% by 2013. Unionization rates are much higher for public sector employees than for private sector employees. In 2013, 35.3% of public sector employees were union members. Only 6.7% of private sector employees were union members. One reason that unionization rates are higher among public sector employees is that public sector employees are more likely to be employed by a monopsony employer than are private sector employees. Workers employed by a monopsony employer can potentially gain a great deal from unionization and collective bargaining. Monopsony employers will be discussed later in the chapter. Demand Curve for a Union As a cartel, a labor union has market power (the ability to affect the market wage rate). A union faces a downward sloping demand curve for its labor. Thus, a labor union faces a trade-off between wages and employment. If a union negotiates a higher wage rate, this will generally mean fewer union members employed. Example 1A: Assume that the graph on the next page represents the labor demand curve faced by a labor union. If the union negotiates a wage rate of $15, the quantity of labor employed will be 12,000 hours. If the union negotiates a wage rate of $18, the quantity of labor employed will decrease to 9,000 hours. FOR REVIEW ONLY - NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 25 - 1 Labor Unions
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PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS JEFF HOLT S
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Principles of Economics, 6th Editio
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16. Study Guide for Chapter 7 17. C
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11. Appendix: Book Review - “The
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20. Appendix: The NCAA Cartel 21. S
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Introduction: A Brief History of U.
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In the twentieth century, per capit
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Appendix: The 35 Largest National E
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Multiple Choice: ___ 1. The Jamesto
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2. Describe the economic cost of th
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Chapter 1 Scarcity and Choices The
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Example 5B: At the end of 1982, the
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Example 11: When Cindy quits her jo
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consequences may result in failure
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An upward sloping curve (as in Exam
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In making decisions, humans tend to
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5. ______________________ _________
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___ 13. If the value of one variabl
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Y Point X Y A 0 1 B 3 3 C 6 5 D 9 7
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Chapter 2 Trade and Economic System
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Example 4B: The following quantitie
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1. An increase in the quantity of r
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3. For whom to produce? This is det
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The graph below illustrates the shi
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The two primary economic systems ar
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___ 12. The capitalist vision sees
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___ 25. According to the book “Ca
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Chapter 3 Demand, Supply, and Equil
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. For inferior goods, income and de
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The same information can be placed
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Not only does a free market elimina
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$7 - 6 - 5 - S 3 S1 S 2 Price 4 - 3
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Example 17: The graph below illustr
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Questions for Chapter 3 Fill-in-the
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___ 12. Assuming a market originall
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$8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - Price 4 - 3 - 2 -
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Chapter 4 Inflation and Unemploymen
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Computing the Rate of Inflation The
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Full Employment Though unemployment
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3. Cyclical unemployment - due to d
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During the Great Depression, the ec
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Appendix: Think Like an Economist -
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Answer questions 8. and 9. based on
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___ 25. The extension of unemployme
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Chapter 5 Measuring Total Output: G
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5. Leisure. Leisure time is by defi
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The U.S. is a high per capita GDP c
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Example 17: In “An International
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The simple circular flow diagram be
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___ 3. Which of the following would
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2. Explain what nonproduction trans
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Chapter 6 The Aggregate Market The
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Example 2C: Assume the same facts a
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Example 5B: The price of crude oil
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Price Level Real GDP SRAS AD 2 AD 1
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Appendix: Why the Aggregate Demand
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___ 3. DEF Company can invest in ne
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2. List and explain the two factors
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Chapter 7 Classical Economic Theory
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Notice that the investment demand c
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Long-Run Equilibrium If Real GDP is
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Example 6B: When the economy is in
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Laissez-faire If the economy is sel
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___ 5. According to Say’s Law: a.
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3. On the graph below, draw an aggr
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Chapter 8 Keynesian Economic Theory
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Example 2B: The graph below illustr
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Example 5: Assume that the table be
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Notice on the graph on the previous
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According to Keynesian theory, a ch
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“The General Theory” also inclu
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___ 8. If the consumption function
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3. If the MPC is .667, and investme
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Chapter 9 Fiscal Policy The basic e
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Keynesian Fiscal Policy Theory and
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Example 5A: The federal government
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The Laffer Curve What will happen t
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Appendix: The Importance of Incenti
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___ 4. A decrease in government exp
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2. Explain what automatic stabilize
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Chapter 10 Money, Money Creation, a
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Example 4B: The castaways on Gillig
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Looking at the balance sheet below,
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Demand-side One-shot Inflation Exam
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4. Inflation increases uncertainty
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life; it came into existence not by
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calculated by using the potential d
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___ 12. If the required-reserve rat
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4. Referring to the balance sheet f
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Chapter 11 The Federal Reserve Syst
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5. After Bank X sells the $300,000
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Low Mortgage Interest Rates Mortgag
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Relaxed Standards for Mortgage Loan
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The Bursting of the Housing Bubble
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On February 17, 2009, the federal g
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Fed policies caused short-term inte
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___ 10. The Fed’s most important
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___ 25. In response to the recessio
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Chapter 12 Monetary Policy The basi
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2. A change in aggregate demand (AD
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Monetarist Transmission Mechanism C
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3. Borrowers do not have to seek ou
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Appendix: Book Review - “The Age
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Questions for Chapter 12 Fill-in-th
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___ 16. The primary source of incom
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7. According to Alan Greenspan, wha
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Chapter 13 Taxes, Deficits, and the
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Example 5: In 2015, Taxpayer A had
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of $5 and a quantity of 10 units. T
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The complexity of the tax law also
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the current government spending and
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cut of 1964. The top rate was lower
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___ 6. Federal excise taxes: a. are
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3. How would eliminating the loopho
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Chapter 14 Economic Growth The basi
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2. Labor. Labor can contribute to e
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estricting international trade (e.g
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An improvement in technology (e.g.
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The table below shows the economic
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will increase both Real GDP and per
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___ 8. Which of the following is co
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___ 26. The opinion that economic g
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Chapter 15 Less Developed Countries
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Example 8: Countries A, B, C, and D
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Obstacles to Economic Development f
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c. Restrictions on international tr
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Appendix: Book Review - “The Powe
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Example 25: In Brazil, about half t
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Study Guide for Chapter 15 Chapter
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___ 13. Among the counterproductive
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4. List four ways that governments
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Chapter 16 International Trade The
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Other Benefits of Free Internationa
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Example 6: The graph below illustra
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competitive disadvantage. But dumpi
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is only 25% as productive as before
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Smith was skeptical of government a
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___ 4. For Country X, what is the o
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___ 18. Frédéric Bastiat’s “P
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4. On the graph below: (1) What is
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Chapter 17 Elasticity We are often
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Example 4A: What is price elasticit
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Example 5A: Gertie’s Gas and Go i
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Example 10A: When the price of Good
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Example 13B: On the graph below, su
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$7 - 6 - 5 - Price 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 -
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In the long run, would the deadweig
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___ 7. The factors that determine w
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3. a. Which price (or prices) from
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Chapter 18 Utility The basic econom
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Nonetheless, society generally assu
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Example 9: Capital City operates a
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Marginal rate of substitution - the
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The diamond-water paradox is the ob
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Complete the table below to answer
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4. The graph below shows indifferen
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Chapter 19 The Firm The basic econo
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than contributing to team productio
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1. Difficulty in raising large amou
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Corporations also use self-financin
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Example 24: A blacksmith who produc
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For financing needs, proprietorship
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___ 13. Corporations: a. are comple
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5. List two things that the absence
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Chapter 20 Production and Costs The
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In Example 5B, Birdwell finds that
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variable cost initially decreases,
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Quantity TC MC AFC AVC ATC 0 240 X
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If the scale of operation is increa
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average total cost. Average fixed c
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___ 11. Concerning the cost curves:
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5. Complete the following cost tabl
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Chapter 21 Perfect Competition The
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Even though a perfect competitor ca
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Example 6C: This example builds on
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At what price will there be neither
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Appendix: Perfect Competition in th
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Multiple Choice: ___ 1. A perfect c
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Page 375 and 376: Price Quantity 3. List some of the
Page 377 and 378: Chapter 23 Monopolistic Competition
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Page 381 and 382: Example 7A: The graph below represe
Page 383 and 384: Example 9: The Organization of the
Page 385 and 386: Example 12 illustrates the dilemma
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Page 389 and 390: ___ 14. Game theory: a. is a method
Page 391 and 392: Answers for Chapter 23 Fill-in-the-
Page 393 and 394: Chapter 24 Factor Markets The basic
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Page 399 and 400: 2. Differences in nonmoney aspects
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Page 405 and 406: ___ 19. According to the book, “M
Page 407: Multiple Choice: 1. a. 8. c. 15. d.
Page 411 and 412: The elasticity of demand for union
Page 413 and 414: Example 4A: Assume that the graph b
Page 415 and 416: Notice from the graph in Example 6
Page 417 and 418: Wage Factory A Quantity of Labor S
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Page 421 and 422: ___ 10. For a monopsony: a. there i
Page 423 and 424: 3. The graph below represents a lab
Page 425 and 426: Chapter 26 Interest, Present Value,
Page 427 and 428: An increase in expected rates of re
Page 429 and 430: An asset is valuable because we exp
Page 431 and 432: Example 13B: General Ordnance prove
Page 433 and 434: Appendix: Present Value Table One f
Page 435 and 436: ___ 4. An increase in expected rate
Page 437 and 438: Problems: 1. List and explain the t
Page 439 and 440: Chapter 27 Market Failure The basic
Page 441 and 442: External Benefit If a market genera
Page 443 and 444: Example 2: To encourage the consump
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Page 447 and 448: A common good is nonexcludable. Non
Page 449 and 450: Study Guide for Chapter 27 Chapter
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Page 455 and 456: Chapter 28 Public Choice and Govern
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Example 8: According to State and F
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Example 10: When Elvis Presley was
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4. Pessimistic bias. This is the te
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___ 5. An elected official will: a.
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2. If a certain policy will yield s
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Chapter 29 Government Regulation of
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underproduction is the amount that
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micromanagement results in business
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market. They may agree with their c
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Questions for Chapter 29 Fill-in-th
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___ 10. The public interest theory
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4. List the four types of costs imp
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Chapter 30 Agriculture and Health C
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weather may cause bumper crops. Bad
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Security and Rural Investment Act o
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Example 12: From 1960 to 2013, the
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1. NHI would provide universal heal
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d. Insurance providers are not allo
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Study Guide for Chapter 30 Chapter
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Answer questions 7. through 10. by
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___ 21. If there were no individual
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Chapter 31 Income Distribution and
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Income is more equally distributed
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over a typical career is the accumu
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Ideal Income Redistribution The ide
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Poverty - a family whose income fal
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Appendix: Income Inequality around
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How is this story an analogy for th
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___ 2. In 2013, the Lowest Income 6
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Problems: 1. Explain the two primar
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Absolute advantage - when one natio
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Fiat money - money by government de
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Nonrivalrous good - a good for whic
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Absolute advantage, 16-9 Absolute e
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“Company town”, 25-6 Comparativ
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Eli Lilly and Company, 22-1 Emergen
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Houston, Texas, 15-10 Human capital
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Market, 3-1, 3-8-9 Market basket, 4
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Political bias, 9-4, 12-7 Political
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Short run production, 20-2-3 Short-
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Upturns, 9-4 USDA, 27-9, 30-1-2, 30
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