Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

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HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT other particle sizes such as ultrafine particles (PM
156 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in 12 European countries (11). Applying dose−response information, primarily from industrialized countries, the World Bank estimated the benefits of air pollution control in Mexico City (12). Recently, Hubbell et al. (13) estimated both the health and economic effects associated with exposure to current levels of ground-level ozone in the United States, while USEPA (14,15) estimated the effects associated with meeting alternative ambient standards for fine PM. An assessment was conducted on the health impacts of air pollution and the potential benefits of current and future control strategies in Europe under the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme (16,17). Additional methodological guidance for estimating the health effects of air pollution is provided by Ostro (18) as part of WHO’s Environmental Burden of Disease project, the USEPA Clean Air Act Compliance Council (an independent scientific review panel for USEPA) (19), the US National Research Council (20), the World Health Organization (21) and from Europe, ExternE (22) and Sanderson & Hurley (23). Finally, statistical software to calculate HIA is available (e.g. BenMAP from USEPA and AirQ 2.2.3 from the WHO Regional Office for Europe), although decisions on which epidemiological studies to use and how to apply them are left to the software user. All of these efforts use CR functions culled from the epidemiological literature, relating changes in air pollution measured at fixed site monitors to increases in mortality and morbidity. Inputs for the analysis For a given city, country or region, quantitative assessment of the health impact of outdoor air pollution is based on four components: (a) pre- and post-air-pollution concentrations and exposure assessment; (b) size and composition of population groups exposed to current levels of air pollution; (c) background incidence of mortality and morbidity; and (d) CR functions (Fig 1). Pre- and post-air-pollution concentrations Analysts need to determine the current exposure of the population to ambient pollution, based either on existing fixed-site monitors or on model-based estimates. Ideally, these concentrations are based on several recent years of complete data (to reduce the influence of an atypical year or season) from monitors that are reasonably representative of population exposure. The monitors should not be unduly influenced by local sources such as a nearby highway, factory or power plant but should rather reflect exposures over a wide area. Typically, fixed-site, population-oriented monitors have been averaged across a metropolitan area to characterize air quality in epidemiological studies. Therefore, a similar metric should be used in HIA. As an alternative to measured pollution concentrations, the global burden of disease project relied on economic models to estimate pollution concentrations for cities throughout the world (2). Besides the current concentration, the analyst needs to determine a counterfactual such as
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Air Quality Guidelines Particulate
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Abstract Th e WHO air quality guide
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Acknowledgements Th is work was sup
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VI Th e infl uence of location on t
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VIII AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 11. Ozo
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Introduction Th e fi rst edition of
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INTRODUCTION • Chapters 1 and 2 a
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INTRODUCTION pollutants such as nit
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Part 1 Application of air quality g
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10 Introduction AIR QUALITY GUIDELI
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12 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES specific
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14 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pipe of a
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16 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of the ex
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18 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of other
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20 Box 1. Main categories of air po
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22 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 3. P
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24 Source profile Coarse particles
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26 Source: Air Quality Expert Group
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28 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES occurs on
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30 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 16. Urban
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32 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES substanti
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34 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In Europe
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36 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In many m
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38 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES respectiv
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40 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES rather lo
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42 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Table 2.
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44 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 6. H
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46 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 8. A
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48 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 9. A
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50 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 10.
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52 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Europe In
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56 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20. Ulrik
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58 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 47. Guerr
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3. Human exposure to air pollution
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Whe
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Peo
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION pra
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION A r
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ass
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Spa
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION bot
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION per
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ano
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ref
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 27.
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 55.
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88 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as a
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90 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES proportio
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92 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
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94 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Time seri
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96 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES This desi
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98 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES analyses
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100 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES time ser
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102 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Neverthe
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Page 119 and 120: 108 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 89. Kunz
Page 122 and 123: 5. Determinants of susceptibility M
Page 124 and 125: DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY Anim
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Page 134 and 135: DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY grow
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Page 138 and 139: DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 3. U
Page 140 and 141: DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 34.
Page 142 and 143: DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 63.
Page 144: DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 94.
Page 147 and 148: 136 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES by highe
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Page 153 and 154: 142 Source: Cohen et al. (22). PM10
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Page 184 and 185: 8. Application of guidelines in pol
Page 186 and 187: APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES IN POLICY
Page 200 and 201: 9. Indoor air quality 1 Kalpana Bal
Page 202 and 203: INDOOR AIR QUALITY such circumstanc
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Page 210 and 211: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Evidence has als
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Most evidence av
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How assessed INDOOR AIR QUALITY Nat
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 17. Bhargava A e
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 46. Strachan DP,
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 71. Bruce NG et
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10. Particulate matter Jonathan M.
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PARTICULATE MATTER aerodynamic diam
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PARTICULATE MATTER Ambient concentr
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PARTICULATE MATTER meteorology, the
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PARTICULATE MATTER Methods for samp
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PARTICULATE MATTER Table 1. Summary
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PARTICULATE MATTER ambient air. The
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PARTICULATE MATTER Mechanisms of to
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PARTICULATE MATTER The toxicity of
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PARTICULATE MATTER Mortality and ho
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PARTICULATE MATTER attributed solel
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PARTICULATE MATTER composed of low-
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PARTICULATE MATTER modulating biolo
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PARTICULATE MATTER to concentrated
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PARTICULATE MATTER report, conclude
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PARTICULATE MATTER Looking across t
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PARTICULATE MATTER measurements are
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PARTICULATE MATTER Human exposure s
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PARTICULATE MATTER Findings Referen
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3 4 12 15 PARTICULATE MATTER 10 21
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PARTICULATE MATTER Table 4. Cohort
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PARTICULATE MATTER Reference Popula
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PARTICULATE MATTER mechanisms for t
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Cardiovascular 4 Cardiovascular 7 P
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PARTICULATE MATTER human health eff
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PARTICULATE MATTER medical clinic f
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PARTICULATE MATTER range of concent
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PARTICULATE MATTER analysis is base
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PARTICULATE MATTER PM10 is suggeste
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PARTICULATE MATTER distribution of
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PARTICULATE MATTER 11. Daniels M et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 39. Hoek G, Brun
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PARTICULATE MATTER 69. Kinney PL et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 95. Brunekreef B
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PARTICULATE MATTER 126. Seagrave J
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PARTICULATE MATTER 154. Wellenius G
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PARTICULATE MATTER 184. Oberdorster
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PARTICULATE MATTER 213. Costa DL, D
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PARTICULATE MATTER 240. Saldiva PH
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PARTICULATE MATTER 271. Dominici F
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PARTICULATE MATTER 294. Pope CA et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 321. Delfino RJ
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PARTICULATE MATTER 350. Sutherland
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308 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Atmosphe
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312 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES males (1
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314 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Ther
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316 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the high
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318 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES effect o
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320 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES (range 2
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322 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES personal
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324 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Dete
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326 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES numbers
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328 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 26. Rich
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330 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. McCo
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332 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the comb
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334 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
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336 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES been exa
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338 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20 days)
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342 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 500 56
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344 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 940 94
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346 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposed
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348 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Host def
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352 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the few
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354 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2005 (13
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356 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES and carb
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358 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 10 μg/m
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360 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES for othe
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368 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 38 ppb.
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370 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES A popula
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372 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In summa
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374 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
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376 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES to nitro
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378 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 5. Advis
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380 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 28. Ichi
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382 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 57. Salo
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384 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 80. Koen
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386 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 107. Fra
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388 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 132. Lin
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390 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 160. Atk
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392 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 187. Fil
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394 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 215. Sam
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396 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Sources
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398 Health effects AIR QUALITY GUID
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400 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of airwa
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402 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES discussi
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404 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the Cana
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406 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES are a ca
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408 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In the A
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410 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pre-sele
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412 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES duration
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414 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
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416 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 4. Lawth
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418 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 30. Gryp
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420 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 55. Sega
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Annex 1 Pathogenesis of ozone-depen
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ANNEX 1 Thus, the following section
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ANNEX 1 system, an increase in the
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ANNEX 1 Increase in levels of nitri
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ANNEX 1 Induction of systemic infla
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ANNEX 1 Mechanisms of ozone toleran
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ANNEX 1 pulmonary alveolar macropha
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ANNEX 1 analysis in mice: tumour ne
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increase i
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Exposures
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference P
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference I
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference A
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ANNEX 1 34. Postlethwait EM et al.
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ANNEX 1 61. Krishna MT et al. Short
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ANNEX 1 87. Olin AC et al. Nitric o
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ANNEX 1 115. Schelegle ES et al. WC
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ANNEX 1 145. Eustis SL et al. Chron
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ANNEX 1 174. Shore SA et al. Ventil
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ANNEX 1 202. Blomberg A et al. Clar
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ANNEX 1 230. Schwartz J. Air pollut
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ANNEX 1 258. Mann JK et al. Air pol
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ANNEX 1 288. Conceicao GM et al. Ai
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Annex 2 List of Working Group membe
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ANNEX 2 Erich Wichmann GSF-Institut
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The WHO air quality guidelines offe
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