Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

PARTICULATE MATTER attributed solely to the carbonaceous core of the particle, and not to any washed leachate or organic compound extract associated with the particle (173,174). In some studies, however, the coarse and fine fractions of PM were equally effective in producing release of inflammatory mediators, and the effects were greater than those produced by carbon black, suggesting that chemicals adsorbed on to the particle surface, rather than the mere presence of the particle itself, were responsible for toxicity (175). The difficulty of assessing the relative roles of size and chemistry is quite evident from studies using CAPs. For example, in vitro exposures of cells to concentrated ambient coarse and fine particles from air in Southern California resulted in different levels of oxidative stress response; the response was related to specific chemical components that differed in relative concentration within each fraction (176). Similarly, using CAPs from ambient air in Los Angeles, there appeared to be enhanced toxicity of ultrafine compared to fine particles in terms of generating redox activity, which was correlated with the organic carbon and PAH composition of these two size modes (177). For ultrafine particles, size itself rather than chemical composition may determine toxicity. Ultrafine particles appear to produce a more significant pulmonary inflammatory response than that produced by fine particles having the same chemical composition and at the same exposure mass concentration (178–181). However, since for a given mass concentration an atmosphere consisting of ultrafine particles will have a greater number concentration than one consisting of fine particles, as well as a greater total surface area available for adsorption of toxic chemicals, exposure dose would actually be greater for ultrafine than for fine particles compared with other exposure metrics. Any enhanced biological effect from ultrafine particles may go beyond pulmonary inflammation, and may be relevant to systemic health outcomes found in epidemiological studies. For example, rats exposed to ultrafine carbon showed no evidence of pulmonary inflammatory response but did show extrapulmonary effects, including changes in the number of blood neutrophils, alteration of plasma thrombin–antithrombin complex and fibrinogen levels (182). However, the investigators could not conclude whether the observed effects were size- or chemical-specific. Similarly, rats exposed to ultrafine carbon particles showed increased heart rate and reduced heart rate variability, but no indication of an inflammatory response and no change in the expression of genes having thrombogenic relevance (183). A potential mechanism for enhanced effects of ultrafine particles may be more effective translocation from the respiratory tract to extrapulmonary sites compared to larger particles. For example, ultrafine elemental carbon particles inhaled by rats were found in brain tissue, and were postulated to reach the brain via translocation along the olfactory nerve following deposition on the olfactory mucosa of the nasopharynx (184). This pathway circumvents the protective 237
238 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES blood–brain barrier of the central nervous system, and provides a direct route for inhaled PM into the nervous system without transport via the systemic circulation. A comparable pathway for translocation of soluble transition metal compounds has also been postulated (185–187) but such a pathway may not be limited to ultrafine particles, as soluble manganese particles in the 1–2-μm size range appeared to translocate to the brain, specifically the olfactory bulb, following inhalation exposure (188). Ultrafine particles have also been found to translocate from the respiratory tract to the liver (189–192). Ultrafine particles may show greater toxicity than larger size modes owing to an enhanced ability to induce cellular damage by differentially affecting cellular organelles (177). Ideally, attempts to compare effects due to size mode should use PM from the same geographical area. Huang et al. (193) exposed human bronchial epithelial cells to extracts of particles collected from ambient air in Taiwan, China, in three size ranges: PM1.0 (
Page 1 and 2:
Air Quality Guidelines Particulate
Page 3 and 4:
Abstract Th e WHO air quality guide
Page 5 and 6:
Acknowledgements Th is work was sup
Page 7 and 8:
VI Th e infl uence of location on t
Page 9 and 10:
VIII AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 11. Ozo
Page 12 and 13:
Introduction Th e fi rst edition of
Page 14 and 15:
INTRODUCTION • Chapters 1 and 2 a
Page 16 and 17:
INTRODUCTION pollutants such as nit
Page 18:
Part 1 Application of air quality g
Page 21 and 22:
10 Introduction AIR QUALITY GUIDELI
Page 23 and 24:
12 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES specific
Page 25 and 26:
14 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pipe of a
Page 27 and 28:
16 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of the ex
Page 29 and 30:
18 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of other
Page 31 and 32:
20 Box 1. Main categories of air po
Page 33 and 34:
22 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 3. P
Page 35 and 36:
24 Source profile Coarse particles
Page 37 and 38:
26 Source: Air Quality Expert Group
Page 39 and 40:
28 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES occurs on
Page 41 and 42:
30 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 16. Urban
Page 43 and 44:
32 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES substanti
Page 45 and 46:
34 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In Europe
Page 47 and 48:
36 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In many m
Page 49 and 50:
38 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES respectiv
Page 51 and 52:
40 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES rather lo
Page 53 and 54:
42 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Table 2.
Page 55 and 56:
44 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 6. H
Page 57 and 58:
46 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 8. A
Page 59 and 60:
48 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 9. A
Page 61 and 62:
50 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 10.
Page 63 and 64:
52 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Europe In
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
56 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20. Ulrik
Page 69 and 70:
58 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 47. Guerr
Page 72 and 73:
3. Human exposure to air pollution
Page 74 and 75:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Whe
Page 76 and 77:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Peo
Page 78 and 79:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION pra
Page 80 and 81:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION A r
Page 82 and 83:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ass
Page 84 and 85:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Spa
Page 86 and 87:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION bot
Page 88 and 89:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION per
Page 90 and 91:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ano
Page 92 and 93:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ref
Page 94 and 95:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 27.
Page 96:
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 55.
Page 99 and 100:
88 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as a
Page 101 and 102:
90 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES proportio
Page 103 and 104:
92 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
Page 105 and 106:
94 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Time seri
Page 107 and 108:
96 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES This desi
Page 109 and 110:
98 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES analyses
Page 111 and 112:
100 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES time ser
Page 113 and 114:
102 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Neverthe
Page 115 and 116:
104 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 27. Schw
Page 117 and 118:
106 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 58. Pete
Page 119 and 120:
108 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 89. Kunz
Page 122 and 123:
5. Determinants of susceptibility M
Page 124 and 125:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY Anim
Page 126 and 127:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY necr
Page 128 and 129:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY By 2
Page 130 and 131:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY envi
Page 132 and 133:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY to t
Page 134 and 135:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY grow
Page 136 and 137:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY dise
Page 138 and 139:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 3. U
Page 140 and 141:
DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 34.
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144:
Page 147 and 148:
136 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES by highe
Page 149 and 150:
138 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES developi
Page 151 and 152:
140 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES disease
Page 153 and 154:
142 Source: Cohen et al. (22). PM10
Page 155 and 156:
144 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES communit
Page 157 and 158:
146 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES concentr
Page 159 and 160:
148 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2. Draft
Page 161 and 162:
150 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 29. Kesk
Page 163 and 164:
152 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. Zhu
Page 165 and 166:
154 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as
Page 167 and 168:
156 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in 12 Eu
Page 169 and 170:
158 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES these da
Page 171 and 172:
160 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Extrapol
Page 173 and 174:
162 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES factors
Page 175 and 176:
164 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES interval
Page 177 and 178:
166 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Uncertai
Page 179 and 180:
168 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in the U
Page 181 and 182:
170 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 22. Holl
Page 184 and 185:
8. Application of guidelines in pol
Page 186 and 187:
APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES IN POLICY
Page 188 and 189:
Page 190 and 191:
Page 192 and 193:
Page 194 and 195:
Page 196 and 197:
Page 198 and 199: APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES IN POLICY
Page 200 and 201: 9. Indoor air quality 1 Kalpana Bal
Page 202 and 203: INDOOR AIR QUALITY such circumstanc
Page 204 and 205: INDOOR AIR QUALITY cleaner fuels, h
Page 206 and 207: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 2. Toxic p
Page 208 and 209: INDOOR AIR QUALITY 200, and LPG (li
Page 210 and 211: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Evidence has als
Page 212 and 213: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 6. Burden
Page 214 and 215: INDOOR AIR QUALITY are highly depen
Page 216 and 217: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Most evidence av
Page 218 and 219: How assessed INDOOR AIR QUALITY Nat
Page 220 and 221: INDOOR AIR QUALITY 17. Bhargava A e
Page 222 and 223: INDOOR AIR QUALITY 46. Strachan DP,
Page 224: INDOOR AIR QUALITY 71. Bruce NG et
Page 228 and 229: 10. Particulate matter Jonathan M.
Page 230 and 231: PARTICULATE MATTER aerodynamic diam
Page 232 and 233: PARTICULATE MATTER Ambient concentr
Page 234 and 235: PARTICULATE MATTER meteorology, the
Page 236 and 237: PARTICULATE MATTER Methods for samp
Page 238 and 239: PARTICULATE MATTER Table 1. Summary
Page 240 and 241: PARTICULATE MATTER ambient air. The
Page 242 and 243: PARTICULATE MATTER Mechanisms of to
Page 244 and 245: PARTICULATE MATTER The toxicity of
Page 246 and 247: PARTICULATE MATTER Mortality and ho
Page 250 and 251: PARTICULATE MATTER composed of low-
Page 252 and 253: PARTICULATE MATTER modulating biolo
Page 254 and 255: PARTICULATE MATTER to concentrated
Page 256 and 257: PARTICULATE MATTER report, conclude
Page 258 and 259: PARTICULATE MATTER Looking across t
Page 260 and 261: PARTICULATE MATTER measurements are
Page 262 and 263: PARTICULATE MATTER Human exposure s
Page 264 and 265: PARTICULATE MATTER Findings Referen
Page 270 and 271: 3 4 12 15 PARTICULATE MATTER 10 21
Page 272 and 273: PARTICULATE MATTER Table 4. Cohort
Page 274 and 275: PARTICULATE MATTER Reference Popula
Page 276 and 277: PARTICULATE MATTER mechanisms for t
Page 278 and 279: Cardiovascular 4 Cardiovascular 7 P
Page 280 and 281: PARTICULATE MATTER human health eff
Page 282 and 283: PARTICULATE MATTER medical clinic f
Page 284 and 285: PARTICULATE MATTER range of concent
Page 286 and 287: PARTICULATE MATTER analysis is base
Page 288 and 289: PARTICULATE MATTER PM10 is suggeste
Page 290 and 291: PARTICULATE MATTER distribution of
Page 292 and 293: PARTICULATE MATTER 11. Daniels M et
Page 294 and 295: PARTICULATE MATTER 39. Hoek G, Brun
Page 296 and 297: PARTICULATE MATTER 69. Kinney PL et
Page 298 and 299:
PARTICULATE MATTER 95. Brunekreef B
Page 300 and 301:
PARTICULATE MATTER 126. Seagrave J
Page 302 and 303:
PARTICULATE MATTER 154. Wellenius G
Page 304 and 305:
PARTICULATE MATTER 184. Oberdorster
Page 306 and 307:
PARTICULATE MATTER 213. Costa DL, D
Page 308 and 309:
PARTICULATE MATTER 240. Saldiva PH
Page 310 and 311:
PARTICULATE MATTER 271. Dominici F
Page 312 and 313:
PARTICULATE MATTER 294. Pope CA et
Page 314 and 315:
PARTICULATE MATTER 321. Delfino RJ
Page 316:
PARTICULATE MATTER 350. Sutherland
Page 319 and 320:
308 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Atmosphe
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
312 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES males (1
Page 325 and 326:
314 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Ther
Page 327 and 328:
316 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the high
Page 329 and 330:
318 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES effect o
Page 331 and 332:
320 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES (range 2
Page 333 and 334:
322 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES personal
Page 335 and 336:
324 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Dete
Page 337 and 338:
326 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES numbers
Page 339 and 340:
328 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 26. Rich
Page 341 and 342:
330 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. McCo
Page 343 and 344:
332 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the comb
Page 345 and 346:
334 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
Page 347 and 348:
336 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES been exa
Page 349 and 350:
338 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20 days)
Page 351 and 352:
Page 353 and 354:
342 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 500 56
Page 355 and 356:
344 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 940 94
Page 357 and 358:
346 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposed
Page 359 and 360:
348 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Host def
Page 361 and 362:
Page 363 and 364:
352 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the few
Page 365 and 366:
354 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2005 (13
Page 367 and 368:
356 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES and carb
Page 369 and 370:
358 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 10 μg/m
Page 371 and 372:
360 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES for othe
Page 373 and 374:
Page 375 and 376:
Page 377 and 378:
Page 379 and 380:
368 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 38 ppb.
Page 381 and 382:
370 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES A popula
Page 383 and 384:
372 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In summa
Page 385 and 386:
374 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
Page 387 and 388:
376 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES to nitro
Page 389 and 390:
378 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 5. Advis
Page 391 and 392:
380 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 28. Ichi
Page 393 and 394:
382 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 57. Salo
Page 395 and 396:
384 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 80. Koen
Page 397 and 398:
386 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 107. Fra
Page 399 and 400:
388 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 132. Lin
Page 401 and 402:
390 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 160. Atk
Page 403 and 404:
392 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 187. Fil
Page 405 and 406:
394 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 215. Sam
Page 407 and 408:
396 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Sources
Page 409 and 410:
398 Health effects AIR QUALITY GUID
Page 411 and 412:
400 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of airwa
Page 413 and 414:
402 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES discussi
Page 415 and 416:
404 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the Cana
Page 417 and 418:
406 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES are a ca
Page 419 and 420:
408 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In the A
Page 421 and 422:
410 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pre-sele
Page 423 and 424:
412 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES duration
Page 425 and 426:
414 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
Page 427 and 428:
416 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 4. Lawth
Page 429 and 430:
418 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 30. Gryp
Page 431 and 432:
420 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 55. Sega
Page 434 and 435:
Annex 1 Pathogenesis of ozone-depen
Page 436 and 437:
ANNEX 1 Thus, the following section
Page 438 and 439:
ANNEX 1 system, an increase in the
Page 440 and 441:
ANNEX 1 Increase in levels of nitri
Page 442 and 443:
ANNEX 1 Induction of systemic infla
Page 444 and 445:
ANNEX 1 Mechanisms of ozone toleran
Page 446 and 447:
ANNEX 1 pulmonary alveolar macropha
Page 448 and 449:
ANNEX 1 analysis in mice: tumour ne
Page 450 and 451:
ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
Page 452 and 453:
ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increase i
Page 454 and 455:
ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
Page 456 and 457:
ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Exposures
Page 458 and 459:
ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference P
Page 460 and 461:
ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
Page 462 and 463:
ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference I
Page 464 and 465:
ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
Page 466 and 467:
ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
Page 468 and 469:
ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
Page 470 and 471:
ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference A
Page 472 and 473:
ANNEX 1 34. Postlethwait EM et al.
Page 474 and 475:
ANNEX 1 61. Krishna MT et al. Short
Page 476 and 477:
ANNEX 1 87. Olin AC et al. Nitric o
Page 478 and 479:
ANNEX 1 115. Schelegle ES et al. WC
Page 480 and 481:
ANNEX 1 145. Eustis SL et al. Chron
Page 482 and 483:
ANNEX 1 174. Shore SA et al. Ventil
Page 484 and 485:
ANNEX 1 202. Blomberg A et al. Clar
Page 486 and 487:
ANNEX 1 230. Schwartz J. Air pollut
Page 488 and 489:
ANNEX 1 258. Mann JK et al. Air pol
Page 490 and 491:
ANNEX 1 288. Conceicao GM et al. Ai
Page 492 and 493:
Annex 2 List of Working Group membe
Page 494 and 495:
ANNEX 2 Erich Wichmann GSF-Institut
Page 496:
The WHO air quality guidelines offe
show all

Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?