Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

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PARTICULATE MATTER Findings Reference Sulfate/iron/selenium factor was associated with increased percentage of neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and a copper/zinc/vanadium factor with increased blood fibrinogen. The concentrations of sulfate, iron and selenium correlated highly with PM mass (R >0.75) while the correlations between PM and copper/zinc/vanadium were modest (R = 0.2–0.6). Huang et al. (265) study, NMMAPS in the United States, and from research involving several cities in Canada. These data have been summarized in USEPA’s PM criteria document (3) and in a meta-analysis carried out by a WHO task group (2). The WHO task group used the updated estimates for those studies with re-analysed data. In general (Fig. 1 and 2), the evidence from the daily time series studies shows a positive association of PM concentration with risk for total and cause-specific mortality. Fig. 1, taken from USEPA’s staff paper (4), summarizes data for North American cities, including analyses of data from various cities in Canada and the United States. The PM indicators include PM10, PM2.5 and PM10–2.5. and the analyses considered all-cause and cause-specific mortality. The figure shows generally positive associations of PM with risk across the array of indicators and outcomes, although not all estimates are statistically significant. The data are most limited for PM10–2.5, which is often referred to as the “coarse mode.” The WHO task group focused on European studies and its analyses thus complement those of USEPA. Table 3 provides the pooled estimates for various PM indicators and Fig. 2 gives the estimates for the individual cities; as with the North American analyses, most estimates were positive. Of the 33 cities, 22 came from the APHEA 2 study. For PM10, the estimate for all-cause mortality was 0.6% (95% CI 0.4–0.8) per 10-μg/m 3 increase. The revised estimate from the NMMAPS project was 0.21% per 10-μg/m 3 increase in PM10 concentration. There a number of possible explanations for the difference between the European estimate and the NMMAPS estimate, which is based on the 90 largest American cities without any additional selection; these include differences in analytical approach and other aspects of the methodology, as well as the possibility of a difference in the true effect of PM arising from different characteristics or exposure patterns on the two continents. Nevertheless, both bodies of data provide evidence of an adverse effect of PM on short-term mortality at contemporary concentrations. Recent meta-analyses of time series studies conducted outside Europe and the United States have reported comparable summary estimates for daily mortality from all natural causes (28,29). The effect estimates are larger for cardiovascular and respiratory causes than for all-cause mortality. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that persons with underlying chronic heart and lung disease are at greater risk from PM exposure. 257
258 Excess risk estimate (%) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 –5 –10 –15 –20 Total mortality PM 10 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 1. Excess risk estimates for total non-accidental, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality in multi-pollutant (No. 1–4 below) and single-pollutant models for Canadian and United States studies Cardiovascular mortality Table 3. Summary relative risk estimates (and 95% confidence intervals) for a 10-μg/m 3 increase in pollutant for all-cause and cause-specific mortality Outcome/disease All-cause Respiratory Cardiovascular 2 4 3 1 Age 7 6 5 8 All ages All ages All ages 11 10 9 PM10 1.006 (1.004–1.008) 33 b 1.013 (1.005–1.020) 18 1.009 (1.005–1.013) 17 a NA = insufficient numbers available for meta-analysis (
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Air Quality Guidelines Particulate
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Abstract Th e WHO air quality guide
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Acknowledgements Th is work was sup
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VI Th e infl uence of location on t
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VIII AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 11. Ozo
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Introduction Th e fi rst edition of
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INTRODUCTION • Chapters 1 and 2 a
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INTRODUCTION pollutants such as nit
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Part 1 Application of air quality g
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10 Introduction AIR QUALITY GUIDELI
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12 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES specific
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14 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pipe of a
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16 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of the ex
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18 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of other
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20 Box 1. Main categories of air po
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22 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 3. P
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24 Source profile Coarse particles
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26 Source: Air Quality Expert Group
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28 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES occurs on
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30 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 16. Urban
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32 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES substanti
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34 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In Europe
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36 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In many m
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38 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES respectiv
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40 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES rather lo
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42 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Table 2.
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44 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 6. H
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46 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 8. A
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48 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 9. A
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50 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 10.
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52 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Europe In
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56 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20. Ulrik
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58 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 47. Guerr
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3. Human exposure to air pollution
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Whe
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Peo
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION pra
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION A r
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ass
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Spa
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION bot
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION per
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ano
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ref
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 27.
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 55.
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88 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as a
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90 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES proportio
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92 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
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94 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Time seri
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96 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES This desi
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98 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES analyses
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100 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES time ser
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102 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Neverthe
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104 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 27. Schw
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106 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 58. Pete
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108 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 89. Kunz
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5. Determinants of susceptibility M
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY Anim
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY necr
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY By 2
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY envi
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY to t
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY grow
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY dise
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 3. U
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 34.
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136 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES by highe
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138 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES developi
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140 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES disease
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142 Source: Cohen et al. (22). PM10
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144 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES communit
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146 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES concentr
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148 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2. Draft
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150 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 29. Kesk
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152 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. Zhu
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154 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as
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156 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in 12 Eu
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158 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES these da
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160 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Extrapol
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162 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES factors
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164 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES interval
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166 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Uncertai
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168 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in the U
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170 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 22. Holl
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8. Application of guidelines in pol
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APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES IN POLICY
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9. Indoor air quality 1 Kalpana Bal
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY such circumstanc
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY cleaner fuels, h
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 2. Toxic p
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 200, and LPG (li
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Evidence has als
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 6. Burden
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY are highly depen
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Most evidence av
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Page 230 and 231: PARTICULATE MATTER aerodynamic diam
Page 232 and 233: PARTICULATE MATTER Ambient concentr
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Page 236 and 237: PARTICULATE MATTER Methods for samp
Page 238 and 239: PARTICULATE MATTER Table 1. Summary
Page 240 and 241: PARTICULATE MATTER ambient air. The
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Page 264 and 265: PARTICULATE MATTER Findings Referen
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Page 272 and 273: PARTICULATE MATTER Table 4. Cohort
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Page 278 and 279: Cardiovascular 4 Cardiovascular 7 P
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Page 294 and 295: PARTICULATE MATTER 39. Hoek G, Brun
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Page 300 and 301: PARTICULATE MATTER 126. Seagrave J
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308 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Atmosphe
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312 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES males (1
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314 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Ther
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316 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the high
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318 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES effect o
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320 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES (range 2
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322 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES personal
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324 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Dete
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326 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES numbers
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328 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 26. Rich
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330 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. McCo
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332 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the comb
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334 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
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336 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES been exa
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338 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20 days)
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342 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 500 56
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344 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 940 94
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346 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposed
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348 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Host def
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352 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the few
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354 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2005 (13
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356 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES and carb
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358 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 10 μg/m
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360 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES for othe
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368 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 38 ppb.
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370 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES A popula
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372 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In summa
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374 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
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376 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES to nitro
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378 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 5. Advis
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380 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 28. Ichi
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382 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 57. Salo
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384 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 80. Koen
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386 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 107. Fra
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388 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 132. Lin
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390 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 160. Atk
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392 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 187. Fil
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394 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 215. Sam
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396 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Sources
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398 Health effects AIR QUALITY GUID
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400 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of airwa
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402 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES discussi
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404 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the Cana
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406 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES are a ca
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408 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In the A
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410 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pre-sele
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412 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES duration
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414 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
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416 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 4. Lawth
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418 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 30. Gryp
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420 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 55. Sega
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Annex 1 Pathogenesis of ozone-depen
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ANNEX 1 Thus, the following section
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ANNEX 1 system, an increase in the
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ANNEX 1 Increase in levels of nitri
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ANNEX 1 Induction of systemic infla
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ANNEX 1 Mechanisms of ozone toleran
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ANNEX 1 pulmonary alveolar macropha
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ANNEX 1 analysis in mice: tumour ne
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increase i
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Exposures
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference P
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference I
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference A
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ANNEX 1 34. Postlethwait EM et al.
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ANNEX 1 61. Krishna MT et al. Short
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ANNEX 1 87. Olin AC et al. Nitric o
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ANNEX 1 115. Schelegle ES et al. WC
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ANNEX 1 145. Eustis SL et al. Chron
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ANNEX 1 174. Shore SA et al. Ventil
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ANNEX 1 202. Blomberg A et al. Clar
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ANNEX 1 230. Schwartz J. Air pollut
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ANNEX 1 258. Mann JK et al. Air pol
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ANNEX 1 288. Conceicao GM et al. Ai
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Annex 2 List of Working Group membe
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ANNEX 2 Erich Wichmann GSF-Institut
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The WHO air quality guidelines offe
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