Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased PMN counts in sputum at the higher dose. No alterations in nasal lavage. Plasma 2,3-DHBA concentration increased significantly following exposure to 240 μg/m 3 ozone. 1 h after exposure, no changes in FEV1, FVC or any inflammatory indices in the bronchial wash and BAL fluid. No significant differences were seen in inflammatory cell numbers or percentages of vessels expressing VCAM-1, E-selectin or ICAM-1 in the biopsies, but the percentage of vessels expressing P-selectin increased significantly after exposure. Acute decrements of pulmonary function. Effects decreased with age, were modified by social economic status and had no influence on menstrual cycle. In subjects with asthma, a significant increase in white blood cells in BAL was detected both immediately and 24 h after exposure to 480 μg/m3 ozone, as was a significant increase in epithelial cells immediately after exposure. No significant cellular changes were seen in non-asthmatics. A significant correlation was observed between IL-8 and WBC counts after exposure to ozone (r = 0.76) in asthmatics. No significant changes in pulmonary or nasal function or biochemical mediators were found in either asthmatics or non-asthmatics. Increase in epithelial cells immediately after exposure. No significant cellular changes were seen in non-asthmatics. A significant correlation was observed between IL-8 and WBC counts after exposure to ozone (r = 0.76) in asthmatic subjects. No significant changes in pulmonary or nasal function or biochemical mediators were found in either asthmatics or non-asthmatics. Changes in FVC, FEV1 and mean expiratory flow rate between 25% and 75% FVC were observed at 240 and 360 μg/m3 . Decrease in FEV immediately after exercise, more intense the higher the dose. Aerobic performance was impaired at the higher dose. Pulmonary obstruction observed during the first 2 days and adaptation occurring for the last 3 days. Increase in airway resistance and decrease in spirometric parameters for all concentrations. Evidence of oxidative stress in exhaled breath but not in plasma. Response was affected by polymorphism of genes encoding for antioxidant enzymes. Indications of pulmonary obstruction and increased airway hyperresponsiveness for all ozone concentrations. Increases in neutrophils, PGE2, fibronectin, IL-6 and LDH. Positive association between ambient ozone levels and increase of plasma levels of Clara cell proteins, suggesting that low levels of ozone increase airway epithelial permeability. Liu et al. (203) Krishna et al. (61–63) Seal et al. (204) Mcbride et al. (182) Schelegle et al. (205) Mcdonnell et al. (167) Gong et al. (206) Folinsbee et al. (207) Seal et al. (208) Corradi et al. (209) Horstman et al. (210) Devlin et al. (211) Broeckaert et al. (212) 443
444 Ozone concentration (μg/m 3 ) 64–206 44–148 40–220 40–157 40–490 30–250 22–380 10–179 11–249 Exposure duration Sample Procedure 2 h to ambient levels during bicycle rides Ambient exposure during hiking Ambient levels in 3 communities in Taiwan, China Ambient levels in two communities in Switzerland Ambient levels of a summer camp in California Ambient levels in the Netherlands Ambient levels of Leyden Ambient levels in 2 communities in Germany Ambient levels of a community in Taiwan, China Adults Adults (controls, asthmatics, history of wheeze and former smokers) Primary school children Children during 10-min exercise Children and young adults (9−35 years of age) Cyclists during regular training (15–135 min) Adults with intermittent or severe asthma Schoolchildren Adults (mail carriers) AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Pulmonary function, PCR (NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase and glutathione-S-transferase micro-1 polymorphism, plasmatic levels Clara cell protein CC16, and measurements of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (adduct in DNA of peripheral leukocytes) Pulmonary function Pulmonary function Pulmonary function Pulmonary function Pulmonary function Pulmonary function and bronchoprovocation Pulmonary function Peak expiratory flow (morning and night)
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Air Quality Guidelines Particulate
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Abstract Th e WHO air quality guide
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Acknowledgements Th is work was sup
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VI Th e infl uence of location on t
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VIII AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 11. Ozo
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Introduction Th e fi rst edition of
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INTRODUCTION • Chapters 1 and 2 a
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INTRODUCTION pollutants such as nit
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Part 1 Application of air quality g
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10 Introduction AIR QUALITY GUIDELI
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12 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES specific
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14 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pipe of a
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16 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of the ex
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18 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of other
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20 Box 1. Main categories of air po
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22 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 3. P
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24 Source profile Coarse particles
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26 Source: Air Quality Expert Group
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28 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES occurs on
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30 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 16. Urban
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32 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES substanti
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34 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In Europe
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36 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In many m
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38 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES respectiv
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40 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES rather lo
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42 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Table 2.
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44 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 6. H
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46 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 8. A
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48 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 9. A
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50 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 10.
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52 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Europe In
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56 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20. Ulrik
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58 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 47. Guerr
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3. Human exposure to air pollution
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Whe
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Peo
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION pra
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION A r
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ass
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Spa
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION bot
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION per
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ano
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ref
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 27.
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 55.
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88 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as a
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90 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES proportio
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92 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
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94 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Time seri
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96 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES This desi
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98 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES analyses
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100 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES time ser
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102 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Neverthe
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104 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 27. Schw
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106 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 58. Pete
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108 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 89. Kunz
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5. Determinants of susceptibility M
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY Anim
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY necr
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY By 2
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY envi
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY to t
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY grow
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY dise
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 3. U
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 34.
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136 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES by highe
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138 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES developi
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140 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES disease
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142 Source: Cohen et al. (22). PM10
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144 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES communit
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146 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES concentr
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148 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2. Draft
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150 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 29. Kesk
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152 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. Zhu
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154 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as
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156 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in 12 Eu
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158 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES these da
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160 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Extrapol
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162 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES factors
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164 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES interval
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166 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Uncertai
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168 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in the U
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170 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 22. Holl
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8. Application of guidelines in pol
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APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES IN POLICY
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9. Indoor air quality 1 Kalpana Bal
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY such circumstanc
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY cleaner fuels, h
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 2. Toxic p
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 200, and LPG (li
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Evidence has als
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 6. Burden
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY are highly depen
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Most evidence av
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How assessed INDOOR AIR QUALITY Nat
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 17. Bhargava A e
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 46. Strachan DP,
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 71. Bruce NG et
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10. Particulate matter Jonathan M.
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PARTICULATE MATTER aerodynamic diam
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PARTICULATE MATTER Ambient concentr
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PARTICULATE MATTER meteorology, the
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PARTICULATE MATTER Methods for samp
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PARTICULATE MATTER Table 1. Summary
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PARTICULATE MATTER ambient air. The
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PARTICULATE MATTER Mechanisms of to
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PARTICULATE MATTER The toxicity of
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PARTICULATE MATTER Mortality and ho
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PARTICULATE MATTER attributed solel
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PARTICULATE MATTER composed of low-
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PARTICULATE MATTER modulating biolo
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PARTICULATE MATTER to concentrated
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PARTICULATE MATTER report, conclude
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PARTICULATE MATTER Looking across t
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PARTICULATE MATTER measurements are
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PARTICULATE MATTER Human exposure s
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PARTICULATE MATTER Findings Referen
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3 4 12 15 PARTICULATE MATTER 10 21
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PARTICULATE MATTER Table 4. Cohort
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PARTICULATE MATTER Reference Popula
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PARTICULATE MATTER mechanisms for t
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Cardiovascular 4 Cardiovascular 7 P
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PARTICULATE MATTER human health eff
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PARTICULATE MATTER medical clinic f
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PARTICULATE MATTER range of concent
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PARTICULATE MATTER analysis is base
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PARTICULATE MATTER PM10 is suggeste
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PARTICULATE MATTER distribution of
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PARTICULATE MATTER 11. Daniels M et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 39. Hoek G, Brun
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PARTICULATE MATTER 69. Kinney PL et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 95. Brunekreef B
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PARTICULATE MATTER 126. Seagrave J
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PARTICULATE MATTER 154. Wellenius G
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PARTICULATE MATTER 184. Oberdorster
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PARTICULATE MATTER 213. Costa DL, D
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PARTICULATE MATTER 240. Saldiva PH
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PARTICULATE MATTER 271. Dominici F
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PARTICULATE MATTER 294. Pope CA et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 321. Delfino RJ
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PARTICULATE MATTER 350. Sutherland
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308 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Atmosphe
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312 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES males (1
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314 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Ther
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316 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the high
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318 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES effect o
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320 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES (range 2
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322 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES personal
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324 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Dete
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326 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES numbers
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328 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 26. Rich
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330 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. McCo
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332 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the comb
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334 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
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336 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES been exa
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338 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20 days)
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342 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 500 56
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344 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 940 94
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346 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposed
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348 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Host def
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352 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the few
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354 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2005 (13
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356 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES and carb
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358 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 10 μg/m
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360 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES for othe
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368 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 38 ppb.
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370 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES A popula
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372 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In summa
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374 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
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376 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES to nitro
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378 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 5. Advis
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380 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 28. Ichi
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382 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 57. Salo
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384 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 80. Koen
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386 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 107. Fra
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388 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 132. Lin
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390 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 160. Atk
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Page 434 and 435: Annex 1 Pathogenesis of ozone-depen
Page 436 and 437: ANNEX 1 Thus, the following section
Page 438 and 439: ANNEX 1 system, an increase in the
Page 440 and 441: ANNEX 1 Increase in levels of nitri
Page 442 and 443: ANNEX 1 Induction of systemic infla
Page 444 and 445: ANNEX 1 Mechanisms of ozone toleran
Page 446 and 447: ANNEX 1 pulmonary alveolar macropha
Page 448 and 449: ANNEX 1 analysis in mice: tumour ne
Page 450 and 451: ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
Page 452 and 453: ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increase i
Page 456 and 457: ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Exposures
Page 458 and 459: ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference P
Page 460 and 461: ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
Page 462 and 463: ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference I
Page 464 and 465: ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
Page 466 and 467: ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
Page 468 and 469: ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
Page 470 and 471: ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference A
Page 472 and 473: ANNEX 1 34. Postlethwait EM et al.
Page 474 and 475: ANNEX 1 61. Krishna MT et al. Short
Page 476 and 477: ANNEX 1 87. Olin AC et al. Nitric o
Page 478 and 479: ANNEX 1 115. Schelegle ES et al. WC
Page 480 and 481: ANNEX 1 145. Eustis SL et al. Chron
Page 482 and 483: ANNEX 1 174. Shore SA et al. Ventil
Page 484 and 485: ANNEX 1 202. Blomberg A et al. Clar
Page 486 and 487: ANNEX 1 230. Schwartz J. Air pollut
Page 488 and 489: ANNEX 1 258. Mann JK et al. Air pol
Page 490 and 491: ANNEX 1 288. Conceicao GM et al. Ai
Page 492 and 493: Annex 2 List of Working Group membe
Page 494 and 495: ANNEX 2 Erich Wichmann GSF-Institut
Page 496: The WHO air quality guidelines offe
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