Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

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GLOBAL AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION CONCENTRATIONS AND TRENDS now mainly emissions from traffic that pose the main threat to good air quality. The main sources for the present air pollution levels in western cities are trafficrelated. The previously frequent winter smogs comprising a mixture of sulfurous compounds and particles (soot) have in this way changed over the years. Suspended particles, and especially submicron particles, combined with secondary pollutants such as oxides of nitrogen and ozone, have become a major problem in the large urban areas around the world. At the same time, the populations of the rapidly expanding megacities of Asia, Africa and Latin America are increasingly exposed to levels of ambient air pollution that rival and often exceed those experienced in industrialized countries in the first half of the twentieth century (6). PM10 or respirable particulate matter Up to now, the most frequently used indicator for suspended particles in the air has been PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter
38 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES respectively, while levels in Singapore and southern Thailand were somewhat lower (19) (see Chapter 10 for more examples). PM10 levels in Europe have been presented for 2002 based on data from more than 1100 monitoring stations in 24 countries, including some 550 urban areas (3). In urban areas the average concentrations were: • annual average 26.3 μg/m 3 in urban background and 32.0 μg/m 3 in streets; and • daily average (36th highest value) 43.2 μg/m 3 in urban background and 51.8 μg/m 3 in streets. In rural areas the concentrations were: • annual average 21.7 μg/m 3 ; and • daily average (36th highest value) 38.1 μg/m 3 (141 stations). The highest annual average concentrations measured exceeded 80 μg/m 3 , while the highest daily average concentrations exceeded 150 μg/m 3 . Fig. 4. Annual average PM10 concentrations observed in selected cities worldwide Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 250 200 150 100 50 0 Asia Latin America Karachi New Delhi Kathmandu Dhaka Calcutta Shanghai Beijing Gangzhou Ho Chi Minh City Mumbai Colombo Busan Seoul Manila Bangkok Taipei Hong Kong Tokyo Lima Arequipa Meddelin Fortaleza Santiago Bogotá Cochabamba San Salvador Guatemala City Havana Mexico City Quito Rio de Janeiro La Paz São Paulo San Juan Belo Horizonte Cairo Vereeniging Johannesburg Cape Town Sources: Bourotte et al. (7); US Environmental Protection Agency (8); Sivertsen & El Seoud (9); Sivertsen et al. (10); State Environmental Protection Agency (11); CAFE (12); Department of Environment and Heritage (13); Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (14); US Environmental Protection Agency (15). Africa
Page 1 and 2: Air Quality Guidelines Particulate
Page 3 and 4: Abstract Th e WHO air quality guide
Page 5 and 6: Acknowledgements Th is work was sup
Page 7 and 8: VI Th e infl uence of location on t
Page 9 and 10: VIII AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 11. Ozo
Page 12 and 13: Introduction Th e fi rst edition of
Page 14 and 15: INTRODUCTION • Chapters 1 and 2 a
Page 16 and 17: INTRODUCTION pollutants such as nit
Page 18: Part 1 Application of air quality g
Page 21 and 22: 10 Introduction AIR QUALITY GUIDELI
Page 23 and 24: 12 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES specific
Page 25 and 26: 14 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pipe of a
Page 27 and 28: 16 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of the ex
Page 29 and 30: 18 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of other
Page 31 and 32: 20 Box 1. Main categories of air po
Page 33 and 34: 22 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 3. P
Page 35 and 36: 24 Source profile Coarse particles
Page 37 and 38: 26 Source: Air Quality Expert Group
Page 39 and 40: 28 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES occurs on
Page 41 and 42: 30 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 16. Urban
Page 43 and 44: 32 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES substanti
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Page 47: 36 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In many m
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Page 53 and 54: 42 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Table 2.
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Page 72 and 73: 3. Human exposure to air pollution
Page 74 and 75: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Whe
Page 76 and 77: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Peo
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Page 80 and 81: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION A r
Page 82 and 83: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ass
Page 84 and 85: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Spa
Page 86 and 87: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION bot
Page 88 and 89: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION per
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Page 92 and 93: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ref
Page 94 and 95: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 27.
Page 96: HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 55.
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88 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as a
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90 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES proportio
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92 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
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94 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Time seri
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96 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES This desi
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98 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES analyses
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100 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES time ser
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102 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Neverthe
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104 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 27. Schw
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106 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 58. Pete
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108 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 89. Kunz
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5. Determinants of susceptibility M
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY Anim
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY necr
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY By 2
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY envi
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY to t
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY grow
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY dise
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 3. U
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 34.
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136 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES by highe
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138 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES developi
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140 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES disease
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142 Source: Cohen et al. (22). PM10
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144 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES communit
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146 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES concentr
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148 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2. Draft
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150 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 29. Kesk
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152 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. Zhu
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154 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as
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156 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in 12 Eu
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158 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES these da
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160 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Extrapol
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162 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES factors
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164 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES interval
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166 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Uncertai
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168 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in the U
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170 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 22. Holl
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8. Application of guidelines in pol
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APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES IN POLICY
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9. Indoor air quality 1 Kalpana Bal
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY such circumstanc
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY cleaner fuels, h
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 2. Toxic p
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 200, and LPG (li
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Evidence has als
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 6. Burden
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY are highly depen
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY Most evidence av
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How assessed INDOOR AIR QUALITY Nat
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 17. Bhargava A e
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 46. Strachan DP,
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY 71. Bruce NG et
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10. Particulate matter Jonathan M.
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PARTICULATE MATTER aerodynamic diam
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PARTICULATE MATTER Ambient concentr
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PARTICULATE MATTER meteorology, the
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PARTICULATE MATTER Methods for samp
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PARTICULATE MATTER Table 1. Summary
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PARTICULATE MATTER ambient air. The
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PARTICULATE MATTER Mechanisms of to
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PARTICULATE MATTER The toxicity of
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PARTICULATE MATTER Mortality and ho
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PARTICULATE MATTER attributed solel
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PARTICULATE MATTER composed of low-
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PARTICULATE MATTER modulating biolo
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PARTICULATE MATTER to concentrated
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PARTICULATE MATTER report, conclude
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PARTICULATE MATTER Looking across t
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PARTICULATE MATTER measurements are
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PARTICULATE MATTER Human exposure s
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PARTICULATE MATTER Findings Referen
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3 4 12 15 PARTICULATE MATTER 10 21
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PARTICULATE MATTER Table 4. Cohort
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PARTICULATE MATTER Reference Popula
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PARTICULATE MATTER mechanisms for t
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Cardiovascular 4 Cardiovascular 7 P
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PARTICULATE MATTER human health eff
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PARTICULATE MATTER medical clinic f
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PARTICULATE MATTER range of concent
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PARTICULATE MATTER analysis is base
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PARTICULATE MATTER PM10 is suggeste
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PARTICULATE MATTER distribution of
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PARTICULATE MATTER 11. Daniels M et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 39. Hoek G, Brun
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PARTICULATE MATTER 69. Kinney PL et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 95. Brunekreef B
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PARTICULATE MATTER 126. Seagrave J
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PARTICULATE MATTER 154. Wellenius G
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PARTICULATE MATTER 184. Oberdorster
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PARTICULATE MATTER 213. Costa DL, D
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PARTICULATE MATTER 240. Saldiva PH
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PARTICULATE MATTER 271. Dominici F
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PARTICULATE MATTER 294. Pope CA et
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PARTICULATE MATTER 321. Delfino RJ
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PARTICULATE MATTER 350. Sutherland
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308 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Atmosphe
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310 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 1.
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312 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES males (1
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314 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Ther
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316 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the high
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318 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES effect o
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320 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES (range 2
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322 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES personal
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324 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES • Dete
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326 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES numbers
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328 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 26. Rich
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330 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. McCo
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332 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the comb
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334 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
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336 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES been exa
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338 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20 days)
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340 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Table 1.
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342 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 500 56
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344 Concentration (μg/m 3 ) 940 94
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346 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposed
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348 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Host def
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352 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the few
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354 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2005 (13
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356 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES and carb
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358 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 10 μg/m
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360 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES for othe
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368 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 38 ppb.
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370 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES A popula
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372 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In summa
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374 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES nitrogen
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376 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES to nitro
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378 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 5. Advis
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380 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 28. Ichi
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382 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 57. Salo
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384 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 80. Koen
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386 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 107. Fra
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388 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 132. Lin
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390 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 160. Atk
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392 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 187. Fil
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394 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 215. Sam
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396 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Sources
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398 Health effects AIR QUALITY GUID
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400 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of airwa
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402 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES discussi
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404 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES the Cana
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406 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES are a ca
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408 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In the A
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410 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pre-sele
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412 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES duration
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414 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
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416 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 4. Lawth
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418 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 30. Gryp
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420 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 55. Sega
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Annex 1 Pathogenesis of ozone-depen
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ANNEX 1 Thus, the following section
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ANNEX 1 system, an increase in the
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ANNEX 1 Increase in levels of nitri
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ANNEX 1 Induction of systemic infla
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ANNEX 1 Mechanisms of ozone toleran
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ANNEX 1 pulmonary alveolar macropha
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ANNEX 1 analysis in mice: tumour ne
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increase i
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Increased
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ANNEX 1 Effect Reference Exposures
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference P
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference I
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference O
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference N
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ANNEX 1 Observed effect Reference A
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ANNEX 1 34. Postlethwait EM et al.
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ANNEX 1 61. Krishna MT et al. Short
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ANNEX 1 87. Olin AC et al. Nitric o
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ANNEX 1 115. Schelegle ES et al. WC
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ANNEX 1 145. Eustis SL et al. Chron
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ANNEX 1 174. Shore SA et al. Ventil
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ANNEX 1 202. Blomberg A et al. Clar
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ANNEX 1 230. Schwartz J. Air pollut
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ANNEX 1 258. Mann JK et al. Air pol
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ANNEX 1 288. Conceicao GM et al. Ai
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Annex 2 List of Working Group membe
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ANNEX 2 Erich Wichmann GSF-Institut
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The WHO air quality guidelines offe
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