Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

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Part 2 Risk assessment of selected pollutants
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Air Quality Guidelines Particulate
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Abstract Th e WHO air quality guide
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Acknowledgements Th is work was sup
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VI Th e infl uence of location on t
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VIII AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 11. Ozo
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Introduction Th e fi rst edition of
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INTRODUCTION • Chapters 1 and 2 a
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INTRODUCTION pollutants such as nit
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Part 1 Application of air quality g
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10 Introduction AIR QUALITY GUIDELI
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12 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES specific
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14 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES pipe of a
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16 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of the ex
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18 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES of other
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20 Box 1. Main categories of air po
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22 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 3. P
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24 Source profile Coarse particles
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26 Source: Air Quality Expert Group
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28 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES occurs on
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30 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 16. Urban
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32 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES substanti
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34 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In Europe
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36 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES In many m
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38 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES respectiv
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40 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES rather lo
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42 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Table 2.
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44 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 6. H
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46 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 8. A
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48 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 9. A
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50 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 10.
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52 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Europe In
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54 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Fig. 15.
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56 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20. Ulrik
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58 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 47. Guerr
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3. Human exposure to air pollution
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Whe
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Peo
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION pra
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION A r
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ass
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Spa
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION bot
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION per
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ano
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION Ref
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 27.
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HUMAN EXPOSURE TO AIR POLLUTION 55.
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88 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as a
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90 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES proportio
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92 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES exposure
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94 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Time seri
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96 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES This desi
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98 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES analyses
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100 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES time ser
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102 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Neverthe
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104 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 27. Schw
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106 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 58. Pete
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108 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 89. Kunz
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5. Determinants of susceptibility M
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY Anim
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY necr
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY By 2
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY envi
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY to t
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY grow
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY dise
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 3. U
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DETERMINANTS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY 34.
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136 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES by highe
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138 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES developi
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140 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES disease
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142 Source: Cohen et al. (22). PM10
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144 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES communit
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146 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES concentr
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148 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 2. Draft
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150 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 29. Kesk
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152 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 56. Zhu
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154 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES such as
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156 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in 12 Eu
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158 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES these da
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160 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Extrapol
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162 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES factors
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Page 181 and 182: 170 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 22. Holl
Page 184 and 185: 8. Application of guidelines in pol
Page 186 and 187: APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES IN POLICY
Page 200 and 201: 9. Indoor air quality 1 Kalpana Bal
Page 202 and 203: INDOOR AIR QUALITY such circumstanc
Page 204 and 205: INDOOR AIR QUALITY cleaner fuels, h
Page 206 and 207: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 2. Toxic p
Page 208 and 209: INDOOR AIR QUALITY 200, and LPG (li
Page 210 and 211: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Evidence has als
Page 212 and 213: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Table 6. Burden
Page 214 and 215: INDOOR AIR QUALITY are highly depen
Page 216 and 217: INDOOR AIR QUALITY Most evidence av
Page 218 and 219: How assessed INDOOR AIR QUALITY Nat
Page 220 and 221: INDOOR AIR QUALITY 17. Bhargava A e
Page 222 and 223: INDOOR AIR QUALITY 46. Strachan DP,
Page 224: INDOOR AIR QUALITY 71. Bruce NG et
Page 229 and 230: 218 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES on healt
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Page 233 and 234: 222 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 52% of t
Page 235 and 236: 224 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES coarse p
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Page 239 and 240: 228 Study population N a Exposure m
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Page 245 and 246: 234 • endothelial and vascular dy
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Page 249 and 250: 238 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES blood-br
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Page 259 and 260: 248 Box 1. Selected health outcomes
Page 261 and 262: 250 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Potentia
Page 263 and 264: 252 Article title Study design Popu
Page 269 and 270: 258 Excess risk estimate (%) 50 45
Page 271 and 272: 260 Mean PM10 concentration (μg/m
Page 273 and 274: 262 Reference Population Follow-up
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264 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 250 gram
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266 Cardiovascular 1 Cardiovascular
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268 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES two-poll
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270 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES initial
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272 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Agricult
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274 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES with tha
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276 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES backgrou
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278 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES As the I
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280 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES and are
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282 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 24. Hoek
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284 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 53. Phul
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286 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 82. Ebel
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288 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 109. Zan
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290 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 139. Zan
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292 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 169. Zel
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294 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 198. Ste
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296 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 227. Kli
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298 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 256. Dev
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300 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 281. Fai
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302 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 307. Sti
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304 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 335. Bru
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11. Ozone Paulo Hilário Nascimento
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OZONE In the United States there is
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OZONE Canary Islands Cyprus Svalbar
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OZONE the amount of ozone absorbed
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OZONE be occurring but insufficient
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OZONE was associated with an increa
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OZONE The most thorough study is th
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OZONE Death or reduction in life ex
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OZONE biochemical alterations, most
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OZONE anthropogenic and biogenic em
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OZONE 11. Companhia de Tecnologia d
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OZONE 42. Gryparis A et al. Acute e
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12. Nitrogen dioxide Francesco Fora
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE Conversion factors
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE that the effect of
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE linear, concentrat
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE (weeks to months)
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE Effects Reference
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE subjected to nitro
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE These results indi
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE PM effects PM-nitr
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE dioxide in the dai
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE only every six day
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE and ozone) and tot
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE nitrogen dioxide e
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE A later study (172
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE Nitrogen dioxide u
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE Nitrogen dioxide u
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Nitrogen dioxide unit (mean) 10 ppb
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE stayed or moved ou
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE other PM-associate
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE using clinical rec
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE particles. In some
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE association with a
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE 18. Harlos DP et a
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE 42. Gardner DE et
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE 69. Von Nieding G
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE 95. Kerr H et al.
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE 120. Nightingale J
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE 145. Anderson HR e
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE 173. Quackenboss J
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NITROGEN DIOXIDE 201. Guo YL et al.
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13. Sulfur dioxide Morton Lippmann,
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SULFUR DIOXIDE Conversion factors 1
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SULFUR DIOXIDE Effects on humans Co
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SULFUR DIOXIDE of R-R intervals wer
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SULFUR DIOXIDE regressions, also fo
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SULFUR DIOXIDE Table 1. Estimated t
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SULFUR DIOXIDE Morbidity studies Th
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SULFUR DIOXIDE stage regression (22
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SULFUR DIOXIDE mortality. This was
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SULFUR DIOXIDE interpretation is th
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SULFUR DIOXIDE Table 2. Sulfur diox
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SULFUR DIOXIDE 19. Samoli E et al.
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SULFUR DIOXIDE 44. Health effects o
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Part 3 Annexes
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424 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES most sus
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426 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES in mast-
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428 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Synthesi
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430 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Endothel
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432 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES cell cou
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434 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES due to f
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436 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES suggeste
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440 Ozone concentration (μg/m 3 )
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448 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Location
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460 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 20. Chee
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462 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 47. Klee
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464 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 75. Bayr
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466 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 101. Vau
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468 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 129. Kir
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470 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 159. Jan
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472 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 187. Bro
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474 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 216. Hig
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476 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 244. Won
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478 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 272. Med
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480 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES 302. Ito
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482 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Patrick
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484 AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES Reviewer
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