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Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

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280<br />

AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES<br />

and are measured as number concentration. While there is considerable toxicological<br />

evidence of potential detrimental effects of ultrafine particles on human<br />

health, the existing body of epidemiological evidence is insufficient to reach a<br />

conclusion on the exposure–response relationship to ultrafine particles. Therefore<br />

no recommendations can be provided at present as to guideline concentrations<br />

of ultrafine particles.<br />

References<br />

1. <strong>Air</strong> quality guidelines for Europe, 2nd ed. Copenhagen, WHO Regional<br />

Office for Europe, 2000 (WHO Regional Publications, European Series,<br />

No. 91).<br />

2. Anderson HR et al. Meta-analysis of time-series studies and panel studies<br />

of particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3). Report of a WHO task group.<br />

Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2004 (http://www.euro.who.<br />

int/document/e82792.pdf, accessed 27 September 2006).<br />

3. <strong>Air</strong> quality criteria for particulate matter. Research Triangle Park, NC, US<br />

Environmental Protection Agency, 2004 (EPA/600/p-99/022aD and bD).<br />

4. Review of the national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter:<br />

policy assessment of scientific and technical information. Research Triangle<br />

Park, NC, US Environmental Protection Agency, <strong>2005</strong> (OAQPS Staff<br />

Paper).<br />

5. National Research Council. Research priorities for airborne particulate<br />

matter. I. Immediate priorities and a long-range research portfolio.<br />

Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1998.<br />

6. Katsouyanni K et al. Confounding and effect modification in the shortterm<br />

effects of ambient particles on total mortality: results from 29<br />

European cities within the APHEA2 project. Epidemiology, 2001, 12:521–<br />

531.<br />

7. Sunyer J et al. The association of daily sulfur dioxide air pollution levels<br />

with hospital admissions for cardiovascular diseases in Europe (The Aphea-<br />

II study). European Heart Journal, 2003, 24:752–760.<br />

8. Samoli E et al. Investigating the dose–response relation between<br />

air pollution and total mortality in the APHEA-2 multicity project.<br />

Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2003, 60:977–982.<br />

9. Zanobetti A et al. The temporal pattern of respiratory and heart disease<br />

mortality in response to air pollution. Environmental <strong>Health</strong> Perspectives,<br />

2003, 111:1188–1193.<br />

10. Atkinson RW et al. Acute effects of particulate air pollution on respiratory<br />

admissions: results from APHEA 2 project. <strong>Air</strong> Pollution and <strong>Health</strong>: a<br />

European Approach. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care<br />

Medicine, 2001, 164:1860–1866.

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