Air Quality Guidelines Global Update 2005 - World Health ...

SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
Table 1. Contribution of road transport (RT) and other modes of transport (OT) to selected
pollutant emissions by percentage of total emissions for the United Kingdom
in 2000, the EU (EU15) in 1999, the EU accession countries (AC9) in 1999, the United
States in 1999, various European countries in 1999 and Delhi, India in 1995
Area
United Kingdom
EU15
AC9
United States
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Finland
France
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Spain
Sweden
Delhi, India
Carbon
monoxide
Nitrogen
oxides
NM VOC Sulfur
dioxide
PM10 PM2.5 PM1
RT OT RT OT RT OT RT OT RT OT RT OT RT OT
5
6.1b 69 11 42 11 24 4 1 3 18
57 7 45 18 31 6 3 4 28
37 12 37 5 2 1
51 26 34 22 29 18 2 5
24.2 40.8 9.9 7.1
53.3 48.8 30.3 3.3
56.0 36.8 34.2 2.6 1.9 0.9
53.0 50.9 11.9 20.4 3.1
48.6 45.9 31.7 5
41.5 51.4 25.5 4.9
68.1 50.3 43.6 1.0
64.0 43.8 9–19 37.5 25.0
60.5 41.8 6.5 36.0 5–12 4.9 1–3
53.8 39.9 15 15.2 1.5
57.5 44.9 21.8 1.6 1.9 2.6
85.5 82.4 84.1 39.0
a
1.4b 12.8
12.2
13.0
16.1
11.7
11.3
14.7
8.8
14.7
16.1
13.9
15.6c 6
11a 2.2b 24
3.4b 30 7
a Emissions of particulates assigned as primary and secondary fine particulates, of which 12% are considered primary PM10.
b Direct emissions only (i.e. does not include fugitive dust).
c Based on inventory for total suspended particulates.
Sources: Thomas & Harrison (8); Goodwin et al. (9); Goodwin & Mareckova (10); US Environmental Protection Agency (11);
European Environment Agency (12); Gurjar et al. (13).
National inventories are also valuable in the following ways.
• They illustrate the relative importance of different source categories. For
example, Fig. 2 shows national emission inventories for the United Kingdom
for nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ammonia and non-methane VOC for
2001, showing widely different source profiles. Such information is useful
in comparing the emissions between different countries. Table 1 shows, for
a range of countries, the contributions of road transport and other modes of
transport to emissions of selected pollutants by percentage of total emissions.
• They illustrate temporal trends in pollutant emissions. This is illustrated in
Fig. 3, which shows the percentage change in PM10 emissions by country
for Europe between 1990 and 2001, illustrating widely differing behaviour
between different economies. Fig. 4 shows a time series by source category of
sulfur dioxide emissions in Hong Kong, China. This shows successive rapid
rises and declines in emissions, followed by a gradual increase between 1999
and 2004. It also shows that the dominant contribution due to electricity generation
drives the temporal trends.
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