Through-Wall Imaging With UWB Radar System - KEMT FEI TUKE

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CONTENTS iv Contents Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix List of Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Support of the Thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 State Of The Art 5 2.1 UWB Radar systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.1 History of Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.1.2 UWB Radar Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.3 M-sequence UWB Radar System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Through-Wall Radar Basic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 SAR Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.4 Calibration and Preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4.1 Time Domain Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4.2 Time Zero Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4.3 Antenna Crosstalk Removing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.4.4 Deconvolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.4.5 Multiple Echoes Reducing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.5 Radar Imaging Methods Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.5.1 Backprojection vs. Backpropagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 2.5.2 SAR Imaging - Geometrical Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 2.5.3 Simple Wall compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.5.4 Differential SAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2.5.5 Kirchhoff Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 2.5.6 f-k Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.5.7 Improvements in f-k Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.5.8 The Inverse Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.5.9 Multiple Signal Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.5.10 Singular Value Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.5.11 Boundary Scattering Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.5.12 Fast Back Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.5.13 Migrations with Antenna Beam Compensation . . . . . . . . 38 2.5.14 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
CONTENTS v 3 Goals of Dissertation 40 4 Selected Research Methods 41 4.1 Through-Wall TOA Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1.1 Properties of the Waves Penetrating Through the Wall . . . 42 4.1.2 True TOA Between Antenna and Target . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.1.3 Estimation of Initial Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 4.1.4 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.1.5 Irregular Movement Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 4.1.6 Antenna Beam Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.1.7 Measurements Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 4.2 Measurements of the Wall Parameters by Reflectometry . . . . . . . 56 4.2.1 Conventional Methods for Wall Parameters Estimation . . . 57 4.2.2 Model of the Wave Propagation in the Wall . . . . . . . . . 58 4.2.3 Reducing of Clutters with New Scanning Method . . . . . . 60 4.2.4 Algorithm Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.2.5 Measurements Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.3 Highlighting of a Building Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3.1 Preprocessing and Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.3.2 Wall Highlighting using Hough Transform . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.3.3 Measurements Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4 Measurements of the Practical Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.4.1 Comparison of Basic Imaging Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4.4.2 Imaging of the Objects Behind a Brick Wall . . . . . . . . . 80 4.4.3 Imaging of the Object Behind a Concrete Wall . . . . . . . . 82 4.4.4 Imaging of the Object Behind a Wooden Door . . . . . . . . 82 5 Original Contributions of Dissertation 84 5.1 Conclusion and Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Appendix 86 A Imaging of the Objects Behind 20 cm Brick Wall 86 B Imaging of the Object Behind 60 cm Concrete Wall 94 C Imaging of the Object Behind a Wooden Door 96 Bibliography 107
Page 1 and 2: TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KOˇSICE Fa
Page 3: Acknowledgement I give a sincere gr
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF FIGURES vii List of Figures
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES ix 4.4.3 Aquarium f
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF FIGURES xi List of Symbols
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF FIGURES xiii kx - Horizonta
Page 15 and 16: Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivati
Page 17 and 18: 1.3 Thesis Organization 3 In additi
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2 State Of The Art 2.1 UWB
Page 21 and 22: 2.2 Through-Wall Radar Basic Model
Page 23 and 24: 2.3 SAR Scanning 9 and shall remain
Page 25 and 26: 2.4 Calibration and Preprocessing 1
Page 27 and 28: 2.4 Calibration and Preprocessing 1
Page 29 and 30: 2.5 Radar Imaging Methods Overview
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Chapter 4 Selected Research Methods
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5.1 Conclusion and Future Work 85 5
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50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Z 45
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Z [cm] Z [cm] 50 100 150 200 250 30
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Z [cm] 50 100 150 200 250 300 b) Em
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 99 [13] T. W. Barrett,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 101 [46] G. Derveaux,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 103 [81] S. Kidera, T.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 105 [115] J. Sachs, M.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 107 [150] O. Yilmaz, S
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