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Early Medieval Ornamented Axes from the Territory of Poland death 133 . Furthermore, the appearance of these signs can be connected with the cult of Saint Olaf 134 , which spread in the territory of whole Northern Europe, from England to Novgorod in Rus’ and also to Byzantium. A principal attribute of Saint Olaf was the axe which – according to researchers – was originally the hammer, i.e., the weapon of his precursor – the pagan god Thor 135 . Undoubtedly, these parade axes were used by the believers of Saint Olaf. They could demonstrate their devotion by putting the crosses on the specimen associated with the attribute of the holy patron. Particularly, this ornamentation often appears on the axes of Type M, interchangeably connected with the Viking world, or on the specimens discovered in graves, which may be associated with Scandinavian influences, as in the case of Blichowo. It is worth mentioning that the cult of Saint Olaf could be known in early medieval Poland, as its manifestation is visible in Gdańsk (Pomerania), where there was a church dedicated to this saint 136 . This kind of weapon, apart from the religious manifestation, could be considered as a magical apotropaic symbol. The 11 th and the 12 th cent. in Poland is a period when the relics of pagan beliefs were still alive and both religions may have coexisted. We can not completely exclude a possibility that these signs might have played only a decorative role to make weapons more attractive visually. All in all, the main subject of this paper appeared to be multithreaded and complicated. In addition, the early medieval ornamented axes meant much more than just weapons. They fulfilled the function of insignia of authority, social rank or demonstrated devotion of their users to the confessed religion. Further discoveries may help to precise this issue not only with regard to the territory of Poland but also to whole Europe. 133 Мусин 1999, p. 147. 134 Kotowicz 2011. 135 Paulsen 1956, p. 234-255, fig. 126-127; Pranke 2009; Kucypera, Pranke, Wadyl 2010, p. 119-120. 136 Pranke 2009, p. 67, 69-70. 119
120 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ References: Abramowicz, Nadolski, Poklewski-Koziełł, Wieczorek 2003 – Andrzej Abramowicz, Andrzej Nadolski, Tadeusz Poklewski-Koziełł, Janusz Wieczorek, Łęczyca wczesnośredniowieczna, vol. 3, Łódź 2005. Atgāzis 1997 – Māris Atgāzis, Āvas cirvji Latvijā, in: Arheoloģija un Etnogrāfija, 19, 1997, pp. 53-63. Beatson 2000 – Peter Beatson, A warrior with a ‘Danish axe’ in a Byzantine ivory panel, in: Golden Horn. Journal of Byzantium, 8/1, 2000 [after http://www.isidore-of-seville.com/goudenhoorn/81beatson.html]. Biermann 2002 – Felix Biermann, Mittelalterliche Kriegerausrüstung mit der Darstellung eines gehörten Tieres, in: Waffen- und Kostümkunde, 1, 2002, pp. 63-79. Borowczak 2008 – Boromir Rafał Borowczak, Topory wojów piastowskich. Bitwa o Ostrów Lednicki, Szczecin 2008. Bruhn Hoffmeyer 1966 – Ada Bruhn Hoffmeyer, Military Equipment in the Byzantine Manuscript of Scylitzes in Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, in: Gladius, V, 1966, pp. 1-194. Devenish, Elliott 1967 – D. C. Devenish, W. M. Elliott, A decorated axe-head of viking type from Coventry, in: Medieval Archaeology, 11, 1967, pp. 251-252. Drozd, Janowski 2007 – Alicja Drozd, Andrzej Janowski, Wczesnośredniowieczny topór inkrustowany z miejscowości Pień na ziemi chełmińskiej, in: Wojskowość ludów Morza Bałtyckiego, Mare Integrans. Studia nad dziejami wybrzeży Morza Bałtyckiego, M. Bogacki, M. Franz, Z. Pilarczyk (ed.), Toruń 2007, pp. 106-127. Dulinicz 2001 – Marek Dulinicz, Kształtowanie się Słowiańszczyzny Północno- Zachodniej. Studium archeologiczne, Warszawa 2001. D’Amato 2005 – Rafaele D’Amato, A Prôtospatharios, Magistros, and Strategos Autokrator of 11 th cent.: the equipment of Georgios Maniakes and his army according to the Skylitzes Matritensis miniatures and other artistic sources of the middle Byzantine period, in: “Πορφυρα”, Supplemento 4, s. 2-75. Eisenschmidt 2004 – Silke Eisenschmidt, Grabfunde des 8. bis 11. Jahrhunderts zwischen Kongeå und Eider. Band 1, Bonn 2004. Fuglesang 1991 – Signe Horn Fuglesang, The axehead from Mammen and the Mammen style, in: Mammen. Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid, Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskabs Skrifter, XXVIII, M. Iversen (ed.), Aarhus 1991, pp. 83-107. Ginters 1967 – Valdemars Ginters, Eine finnische Prunkaxt aus Lettland, Fornvännen, 1967, pp. 115-121 Gottlieb 1991 – Birthe A. Gottlieb, Røntgentekniske undersøgelser af Mammenøksen, in: Mammen. Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid, Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskabs, vol. 28, M. Iversen (ed.), Aarhus 1991, pp. 79-82.
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Studia Universitas Cibiniensis •
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Editorial Board: Paul NIEDERMAIER,
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FOREWORD The importance of intereth
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10 CSIKY Gergely Romanized 2 popula
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12 CSIKY Gergely The investigation
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14 CSIKY Gergely similar methods fo
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16 CSIKY Gergely the spear mostly w
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18 CSIKY Gergely The swords are fre
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20 CSIKY Gergely Only 43 graves wer
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22 CSIKY Gergely In 93 burials (61,
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24 CSIKY Gergely References ADAM -
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26 CSIKY Gergely Kiss 1992 - Kiss A
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28 CSIKY Gergely Vida 1996 - Vida T
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30 CSIKY Gergely Fig. 3. The rate o
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32 CSIKY Gergely Fig. 9. The distri
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34 CSIKY Gergely 70 60 50 40 30 20
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36 Valeri YOTOV the movement of the
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38 Valeri YOTOV them reconstructed.
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40 Valeri YOTOV After J. Petersen
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42 Valeri YOTOV Petersen 1919 - J.
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44 Valeri YOTOV g(1). Fig. 2: Simil
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Page 105 and 106: 106 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ lately Polish
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