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From Every Side Armed with a Cross Sign. A Crusader’s (?) Sword from … mentioning is also the crusade of Nicopolis in 1396, widely regarded as the last largescale crusade of the Middle Ages, which failed to stop the advance of the victorious Ottomans led by Bayezid I (1360-1403) 87 . The crusader army was composed of allied forces from the Kingdom of Hungary led by their king Sigismund I, France, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Republic of Venice, as well as smaller contingents and individuals from elsewhere in Europe 88 . The Nicopolis was the first battle where the Ottomans encountered a Western European army and it was a last unified engagement of western troops fought against the Turks for more than 100 years 89 . We should also remember about Templars 90 , Teutonic Knights and Hospitallers 91 houses in medieval Hungary, which can be traced to the midd-12 th cent. These orders very strongly cultivated crusades traditions, also giving donations for the support of the Holy Land as well as sending their brethren and recruits to Palestine. After the dissolution of the Templars at the beginning of the 14 th cent. their possessions were secured by the Hospitallers 92 . Most of the St. John’s order’s brethren from houses in Hungary came from Italy and despite large number of local members of the Order, the Hungarian noblemen did not participate in the leadership of the Hospitallers 93 . Even though these orders used different kinds of signs 94 , they also clearly referred to the crusades symbolism. The only order which used the Jerusalem cross as its emblem was the Order of the Holy Sepulchre (Ordo Equestris Sancti Sepulcri Hierosolymitani), which was founded by Godfrey of Bouillon. At the end of the 15 th cent. this Order, which also had its houses in the Kingdom of Hungary, was incorporated to the Hospitallers by the decision of Pope Innocent VIII 95 . In the light of historical records, the origins of the sword from the Budapest museum collection can be explained by two aspects: a political - as the Angevin dynasty’s royal claims for the crown of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (maybe also the Kingdom of Naples?), and an ideological one - connected with the crusades idea. This last assumption seems more probable in the recent state of research. As weapons may have been in use for a long time, it cannot be taken for granted that the sword actually belonged to a crusader. This is, however, strongly suggested by its ornament which refers to the crusade symbolism. 87 Veszprémy 2001. 88 Atiya 1978; de Vries 1999. 89 de Vries 2003. 90 Stossek 2001. 91 Hunyadi 2001; Hunyadi 2007. 92 Borchardt 2001, p. 239. 93 Hunyadi 2001, pp. 261-263. 94 Engel 1902; Goodall 1959; Nickel 1989. 95 de Gennes 1995. 61
62 Arkadiusz MICHALAK References: Bayeux 2004 - The Bayeux Tapestry. The complete Tapestry in colour with introduction, description and commentary by David M. Wilson, London. Histoire 1924 - Histoire anonyme de la premiére croisade, ed. Louis Bréhier, Paris 1924. de Machaut 2001 - Guillaume de Machaut, The Capture of Alexandria, translated by John Shirley, introduction and notes by Peter W. Edbury, Aldershot-Burlington- Singapore-Sydney 2001. Aleksić 2007 - Marco Aleksić, Medieval Swords from southeastern Europe. Material from 12 th to 15 th Century, Belgrade, 2007. Alexander 1984 - David G. Alexander, European Swords in the Collections of Istanbul, in Waffen- und Kostümkunde, 27/2, 1984, pp. 81-112. Anderssohn 1947 - John C. Anderssohn, The Ancestry and Life of Godfrey of Bouillon, Bloomington, 1947. Arrignon 1994 - Jean-Pierre Arrignon, Les Lusignans et l'Outre-mer: Actes du colloque Poitiers-Lusignan, 20-24 octobre 1993, Poitiers, 1994. Atiya 1978 - Aziz Suryal Atiya, The Crusade of Nicopolis, New York, 1978. Bellér 1986 - Béla Bellér, Magyarok Nápolyban, Budapest, 1986. Bertényi 1987 - Iván Bertényi, Magyaroszág az Anjouk korában, Budapest, 1987. Bliznyuk 2001 - Svetlana Bliznyuk, A Crusader of the Later Middle Ages: King Peter I of Cyprus, [in:] The Crusades and the Military Orders. Expanding the Frontiers of medieval Latin Christianity, ed. Z. Hunyadi, J. Laszlovszky, Budapest, 2001, pp. 51-60. Boas 2006 - Adrian J. Boas, Archaeology of the Military Orders. A survey of the urban centres, rural settlement, and castles of the Military Orders in the Latin East (c. 1120-1291), London-New York, 2006. Boas 2009 - Adrian J. Boas, Crusader archaeology. The Material Culture of The Latin East, London-New York, 2009. Bohm 1924 - Paul Bohm, König Ottokars Schwert, in Schlesiens Vorzeit im Bild und Schrift, N.F. 8, 1924, pp. 41-46. Borchardt 2001 - Karl Borchardt, The Templars in the Central Europe, [in:] The Crusades and the Military Orders. Expanding the Frontiers of medieval Latin Christianity, eds. Z. Hunyadi, J. Laszlovszky, Budapest, 2001, pp. 233-244. Bordi 2008 - Zsigmond Lóránd Bordi, Középkori kardok a Székely Nemzeti Múzeum gyűjteményeiben, in Acta Siculica, 2008, pp. 241-265. Bouzy 1996 - Olivier Bouzy, L'armement occidental pendant la première croisade, in Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes, 1, 1996, pp. 15-44. Brackmann, Unwerzagt 1936 - Albert Brackmann, Wilhelm Unwerzagt, Zantoch, eine Burg im deutsche Osten, Leipzig, 1936. Bruhn-Hoffmeyer 1979-1980 - Ada Bruhn-Hoffmeyer, From Mediaeval Sword to Renaissance Rapier, [w:] Art, Arms and Armour: an International Anthology, vol. 1: 1979-80, ed. R. Held, Chiasso, 1980, pp. 52-79. Bruna 1996 - Denis Bruna, Enseignes de pélerinage et enseignes profanes, Paris, 1996. Bulton 1990 - D'Arcy Jonathan Dacre Bulton, The Knights of the Crown. The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520, Woodbridge, 1990. Burkiewicz 2007 - Łukasz Burkiewicz, Podróż króla Cypru Piotra I z Lusignan po Europie w latach 1362-1365 i jego plany krucjatowe, in Studia Historyczne, 50/1, 2007, pp. 3- 29.
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Studia Universitas Cibiniensis •
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Editorial Board: Paul NIEDERMAIER,
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FOREWORD The importance of intereth
Page 10 and 11: 10 CSIKY Gergely Romanized 2 popula
Page 12 and 13: 12 CSIKY Gergely The investigation
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Page 20 and 21: 20 CSIKY Gergely Only 43 graves wer
Page 22 and 23: 22 CSIKY Gergely In 93 burials (61,
Page 24 and 25: 24 CSIKY Gergely References ADAM -
Page 26 and 27: 26 CSIKY Gergely Kiss 1992 - Kiss A
Page 28 and 29: 28 CSIKY Gergely Vida 1996 - Vida T
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Page 36 and 37: 36 Valeri YOTOV the movement of the
Page 38 and 39: 38 Valeri YOTOV them reconstructed.
Page 40 and 41: 40 Valeri YOTOV After J. Petersen
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112 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ cent. 77 Some
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114 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ group of arte
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116 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ higher social
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120 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ References: A
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122 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ Kaźmierczak,
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124 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ Oręż.... 20
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126 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ slawischem Ge
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128 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ Fig. 1: 1 - B
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134 BENCZE Ünige, GÁLL Erwin only
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136 BENCZE Ünige, GÁLL Erwin foun
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138 BENCZE Ünige, GÁLL Erwin
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138 Piotr STRZYZ Ihr Durchmesser is
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140 Piotr STRZYZ Der erste Fund wur
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142 Piotr STRZYZ der Kammer wurde d
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144 Piotr STRZYZ Abb.1: Bischoln au
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150 Peter DRESLER With reference to
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154 Peter DRESLER This layer probab
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158 Peter DRESLER have not yielded
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160 Silviu OŢA, Liana OŢA The for
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162 Silviu OŢA, Liana OŢA de Rebu
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184 Florin Nicolae ARDELEAN War exp
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