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A Fourteenth Century Sword from Moldoveneşti (Hung.: Várfalva) another representation. This is very well indicated by Theodulf's decree, which, at the end of the ninth century, emphasized that bishops, monks and priests could be buried in the church and, what is most interesting to us, laymen who are worthy of it could also be interred there. In the case of medieval laymen this symbolic “competition” of power and wealth meant the same as the jewellery, weapons or parts of horses did in the burials of the bygone pagan times. In contrast with older days, the poverty of furnishings does not mean the poverty of the society, but the Puritanism of medieval way of thinking, which was often dissonant. Simplicity and Puritanism are the solution to this problem, but the aim to represent power and prestige remained the same and the burials in the church or as close to the church as it was possible were its manifestations. That is the reason why overlapping burials and superposition can be found around the churches, which are the characteristic features of churchyard cemeteries as opposed to the cemeteries with rows of graves. 6 In this mental context we have to understand the missing of the weaponry from the graves. However, we can understand why the majority swords from Transylvania Basin from the twelfth until the fifteenth centuries were discovered without context namely these were stray finds. 5. Discussions on the sword from Moldoveneşti A number of factors should be taken into consideration when one tries to date a sword but not all of them can offer a precise dating. Towards the end of the middle ages fashion shown through varying styles of hilt becomes a useful tool for dating. Blade inscriptions and heraldic bearings can give a more precise dating although these indicate only the date when they were applied to the weapon and not the production date of the sword. As can be seen in the literature the mounts of scabbards can give a reliable dating not for the sword itself but for the scabbard. These, as well as the grips, must have been changed quite often due to everyday usage and were greatly influenced by the change of fashion. The sword forms can be also classified but only vaguely dated. In the light of the above mentioned we tried to give a more or less precise dating of this sword mainly based on analogies coming from the neighboring regions and using the well-known typologies available for our research. According to the typology compiled by Oakeshott this sword can be assigned to the XIIIA or even the XVIA type, which seems to be a development of the former, both dated largely to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. 7 The pommel form is closest to the I1 of Oakeshott’s typology, this being the most popular in the fourteenth century and onwards. 8 Following Pinter’s typology, the sword can be dated to the second half of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century, and belongs to the XI type. The closest analogy for the pommel and maybe even for the sword, can be 6 On the evolution of the „pagan” and „intermediate” burial customs in the Transylvanian Basin, Partium and Banat from the tenth to the eleventh centuries, see: GÁLL 2004–2005, 334–454. 7 Oakeshott 1997, 42–46, 63–64; Oakeshott 1998, 10, 95, 98-106, especially the one on page 104. 8 Oakeshott 1997, 95–96. 135
136 BENCZE Ünige, GÁLL Erwin found at Oradea (without context). 9 In Aleksić’s typology of swords from southeastern Europe, the pommel of the sword from Moldoveneşti can be asserted to the I1 type of polygonal pommels having analogies in Finland, Germany, Poland, Bulgaria, Serbia and Croatia. 10 Since the point of the sword was not preserved it is hard to decide whether the blade would fit into the XIIIa or the XVIa type of blades described by Aleksić but the dating corresponds with the previous ones, the second half of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century. 11 References: Aleksić 2007 - M. Aleksić, Mediaeval Swords from southeastern Europe: Material from 12th to 15th century. Belgrade, 2007. Gáll 2004-2005 - E. Gáll, Analysis and comparison of burial customs in the 10-11 th century in the Transylvanian basin, Crişana and Banat, in: Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne. Nouvelle serie, XLVIII–XLIX, 2004–2005, 334–454. Gáll 2007 - E. Gáll, Az Erdélyi-medence, Partium és Bánság X–XI. század sír- és szórvány fegyverleleteinek elemzése (An analysis of the grave and stray weapon finds of the Transylvanian Basin, the Partium and the Banat from the 10th-11th Centuries), in: Hadtörténelmi Közlemények, 119/2, 2007, 395–480. Hoffmeyer 1954 - A. B. Hoffmeyer, Middelalderens Tvaeeggede Sverd. Copenhagen, 1954. Kieffer-Olsen 1997 - J. Kieffer-Olsen, Christianity and Christian Burial. The religious background and the transition from paganism to Christianity from the perspective of a churchyard archaeologist. In: Burial and Society. Eds.: C. K. Jensen, K. H. Nielsen. Aarhus University Press, 1997, 185–189. Oakeshott 1997 - E. Oakeshott, The sword in the Age of the Chivalry. Woodbridge, 1997. Oakeshott 1998 - E. Oakeshott, Records of the Medieval Sword. Woodbridge, 1998. Pinter 1998 - Z. K. Pinter, Sabia şi spada medievală în Transilvania şi Banat (secolele X–XIV) (Mittelalterliche Schwerter und Säbel in Siebenbürgen und im Banat [9.–14. Jh.]). Reşiţa, 1998. 9 PINTER 1998, 148–150, pl. 46/b. 10 ALEKSIĆ 2007, 51–53. 11 ALEKSIĆ 2007, 84, 89.
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Studia Universitas Cibiniensis •
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Editorial Board: Paul NIEDERMAIER,
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FOREWORD The importance of intereth
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10 CSIKY Gergely Romanized 2 popula
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12 CSIKY Gergely The investigation
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14 CSIKY Gergely similar methods fo
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16 CSIKY Gergely the spear mostly w
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18 CSIKY Gergely The swords are fre
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20 CSIKY Gergely Only 43 graves wer
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22 CSIKY Gergely In 93 burials (61,
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24 CSIKY Gergely References ADAM -
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26 CSIKY Gergely Kiss 1992 - Kiss A
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28 CSIKY Gergely Vida 1996 - Vida T
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30 CSIKY Gergely Fig. 3. The rate o
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32 CSIKY Gergely Fig. 9. The distri
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34 CSIKY Gergely 70 60 50 40 30 20
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36 Valeri YOTOV the movement of the
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38 Valeri YOTOV them reconstructed.
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40 Valeri YOTOV After J. Petersen
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42 Valeri YOTOV Petersen 1919 - J.
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44 Valeri YOTOV g(1). Fig. 2: Simil
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Why so Many Viking Age Swords in No
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From Every Side Armed with a Cross
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74 Maria Emilia CRÎNGACI ŢIPLIC f
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78 Maria Emilia CRÎNGACI ŢIPLIC A
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82 Maria Emilia CRÎNGACI ŢIPLIC v
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Page 105 and 106: 106 Piotr N. KOTOWICZ lately Polish
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184 Florin Nicolae ARDELEAN War exp
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