Review of anti-corruption strategies Rob McCusker - Australian ...

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Transparency International’s Global corruption barometer 2005 leaves little room to doubt the wide ranging influence of corruption within and upon a number of sectors and institutions. A questionnaire sought opinions from some 55,000 people in 69 low, middle and high income countries on a number of issues relating to the prevalence and impact of corruption including their assessment of the levels of corruption within a number of sectors and institutions (Figure 2). Political parties were perceived as the most corrupt, followed by parliament/legislature, police, and legal system/judiciary. Figure 2: Global corruption barometer Source: Adapted from Transparency International 2005 The definition of corruption and an appreciation of its nature and extent are crucial to understanding whether and if so, how, an anti-corruption strategy might be formulated, implemented and assessed. An important starting point is to address two key questions: • • what types of corruption are the most damaging and in which institutions or countries? what are the relationships between corruption and poverty and how can a state reduce corruption? Within those two framing questions, three broad levels of assessment should occur: • • Political parties Parliament/legislature Police Legal system/judiciary Business/private sector Tax revenue Customs Media Medical services Utilities Education system Military Registry and permit services NGOs Religious bodies 1 2 3 4 5 causes and impact of corruption – for example, how far the causes of corruption are influenced by geographical, political, economic and cultural factors, and by the relationships between political and administrative processes, and between public and private sector the political, economic, institutional and social environment – for example, whether the corruption is country or institution specific and whether different political, administrative and economic configurations give rise to differing levels or types of corruption and thus to differing impacts on different groups in society 2.6 2.8 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 4.0 Key 1 = not at all corrupt 5 = extremely corrupt
• the global economy and the links between corruption, fraud, organised crime and international illicit capital flows – for example, how crime is organised and to what extent corruption is a necessary or sufficient condition for particular forms of criminal behaviour, i.e. what the shape of crime would be if there were more or less corruption, organised crime and money laundering? (Doig 1998). A further indication of the propensity for corruption within a given society might be provided by an application of the corruption formula, C = M + D – A, that is, corruption (C) equals monopoly power (M) plus discretion by officials (D) minus accountability (A) (Klitgaard 1998).
Page 1: Review of anti-corruption strategie
Page 4 and 5: © Australian Institute of Criminol
Page 6 and 7: iv Acknowledgment The author thanks
Page 8 and 9: Implementation of the strategy is k
Page 10 and 11: The nature and extent of corruption
Page 14 and 15: Basic approaches to anti-corruption
Page 16 and 17: 0 The ‘disease’ analogy It has
Page 18 and 19: Table 3: The rules and practices pi
Page 20 and 21: portrayed as key, but salary reform
Page 22 and 23: Assessment and design It has been s
Page 24 and 25: This model suggests that, if corrup
Page 26 and 27: 0 Specific methods and measures In
Page 28 and 29: The low incidence of corruption in
Page 30 and 31: Table 6: Expert panel views on the
Page 32 and 33: Implementation and impact assessmen
Page 34 and 35: Conclusion It has been argued that
Page 36 and 37: 0 References Asian Development Bank
Page 38 and 39: Literature subset on anti-corruptio
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