Review of anti-corruption strategies Rob McCusker - Australian ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

0 The ‘disease’ analogy It has been suggested that corruption might be regarded as a pandemic that impacts upon every country to varying degrees. Once public consciousness about the existence of that pandemic is raised (stage 1) it will then be possible to create an appropriate set of responses utilising the same medical analogy (Klitgaard 2000) (see Table 2). Table 2: Responses to corruption Stage two: fighting ordinary corruption Stage three: fighting systematic corruption Key metaphor Controlling corruption Subverting corruption Medical analogy Strengthen the body to prevent the disease from taking hold Examples: exercise, nutrition, lifestyle Use analysts to find out Where healthy systems are vulnerable and how to strengthen them Some key analytical questions How are agents selected? How is the principal–agent relationship structured? What are the incentives? How can discretion be clarified and circumscribed? How can accountability be enhanced? How can the moral costs of corruption be increased? Draw inspiration from Best practices in business management; public health programs Key functions in the fight against corruption Key actors in the fight against corruption Source: Klitgaard 2000: 3 Holistic approach Audit, systems design, incentive and personnel systems, control, citizen oversight People who run the system. The ‘principal’ (metaphorically, the people; in practice, the people in charge) Attack the disease itself Examples: antibiotics, chemotherapy, surgery Where organized corruption is itself vulnerable and how to weaken it How are corrupt deals made and kept secret? How are corrupt goods and services delivered? How are members recruited and disciplined? What footprints are there from corrupt activities? How can risks and penalties be created or enhanced? How can corrupt activities be carried out with impunity, and where are they vulnerable? Best practices in fighting organized crime; pathology and medicine All of these, plus undercover agents, infiltrators, turncoats and key witnesses, dirty tricks People who can influence and, if necessary, subvert the corrupt system. Citizens, professional associations, the press, business groups, some government agencies or levels of government The most visible proponent of the multi-layered and holistic approach to anti-corruption is Transparency International which operates from ‘the conviction that all of the issues of contemporary concern in the area of governance…need to be addressed in a holistic fashion’ (Pope 2000: 34). Recognising the often significant differences between the willingness and capacity of countries to create, design and administer an effective anti-corruption strategy, Transparency International suggests a National Integrity System (NIS). Figure 3 shows the NIS, comprised a set of objectives which, supported by key strategies or approaches (or elements), are delivered by or through key institutions, sectors or specific activities (the pillars).
Figure 3: The national integrity system Legislature Source: Pope 2000: 35 Sustainable development Rule of law Quality of life Executive Judiciary NATIONAL INTEGRITY Auditor-General Ombudsman Watchdog agencies PUBLIC AWARENESS SOCIETY’S VALUES The broad aim of the NIS is to combat corruption as part of a wider battle against misconduct and misappropriation and to create an efficient and effective government which regards its raison d’être as working in, and for, the public interest. The ultimate goal is to promote good governance, regarded by some commentators as an essential component in anti-corruption endeavours. Transparency International is grounded in terms of its overall expectations, noting that ‘…the aim is not complete rectitude or a one-time cure or remedy, but an increase in the honesty or integrity of government as a whole…’ Meeting that goal of overall integrity requires the provision of public services that are efficient and effective and assist with maintaining sustainable development, a fully functioning government cognisant of, and able to protect, the rights of its citizens, and strategies to ensure that development of the society applies to all of its members rather than sections or factions within in it. Importantly, given the complexity and entrenchment of corruption, Transparency International’s NIS is not a passive tool, neither is it necessarily dependent on existing pillars or on a specific combination of pillars. The pillars identified above must be integrated as far as possible. As Pope (2000) notes, ‘[w]hat is the benefit of a sound and “clean” Judiciary ready to uphold the Rule of Law, if there is corruption in the police, investigators, prosecutors or the legal profession? The Judges would simply not receive the cases they should hear; they would then sit in splendid isolation – honest, capable, yet able to achieve little.’ The pillars may need to be ‘corruption proofed’, that is, steps might need to be taken to ensure that weakness in one pillar (for example poor or nonexistent investigative journalism) can be mitigated by strength in another (for example an anti-corruption agency). Thus, the impact of the pillars combined provides the strength of the overall anti-corruption strategy. The combined strength of the pillars is then further enhanced by the application of generic core values and/or practices attached to each individual pillar (Table 3). Public service Media Civil society Private sector International actors
Page 1: Review of anti-corruption strategie
Page 4 and 5: © Australian Institute of Criminol
Page 6 and 7: iv Acknowledgment The author thanks
Page 8 and 9: Implementation of the strategy is k
Page 10 and 11: The nature and extent of corruption
Page 12 and 13: Transparency International’s Glob
Page 14 and 15: Basic approaches to anti-corruption
Page 18 and 19: Table 3: The rules and practices pi
Page 20 and 21: portrayed as key, but salary reform
Page 22 and 23: Assessment and design It has been s
Page 24 and 25: This model suggests that, if corrup
Page 26 and 27: 0 Specific methods and measures In
Page 28 and 29: The low incidence of corruption in
Page 30 and 31: Table 6: Expert panel views on the
Page 32 and 33: Implementation and impact assessmen
Page 34 and 35: Conclusion It has been argued that
Page 36 and 37: 0 References Asian Development Bank
Page 38 and 39: Literature subset on anti-corruptio
Page 40 and 41: Lai A 2002. Building public confide
Page 42 and 43: Anti-corruption bibliography 2000-0
Page 44 and 45: Bubandt N 2006. Sorcery, corruption
Page 46 and 47: 0 James E 2006. Clean or corrupt: t
Page 48 and 49: Shah A 2006. Corruption and decentr
Page 50 and 51: overloads on existing ones or the i
Page 52 and 53: Huffe E 2005. Governance, corruptio
Page 54 and 55: Larmour P 2005. Corruption and acco
Page 56 and 57: 0 Sandgren C 2005. Combating corrup
Page 58 and 59: Uprooting graft 2005. The economist
Page 60 and 61: Asian Development Bank & Organisati
Page 62 and 63: Haarhuis CMK & Leeuw FL 2004. Fight
Page 64 and 65: ensuing political fallout makes pol
Page 66 and 67:
0 Saldanha C 2004. Strategies for g
Page 68 and 69:
with the average level of tolerance
Page 70 and 71:
Vinod HD 2003. Open economy and fin
Page 72 and 73:
Lim L & Stern A 2002. State power a
Page 74 and 75:
TI National Chapters and other civi
Page 76 and 77:
0 Larmour P & Wolanin N (eds) 2003.
Page 78 and 79:
This paper describes and evaluates
Page 80 and 81:
Khanal R 2001. Transparency and acc
show all

Review of anti-corruption strategies Rob McCusker - Australian ...

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?