D10: Impact of Contaminants - Hydromod

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Integrated Water Resource Management for Important Deep European Lakes and their Catchment Areas EUROLAKES D10: Impact of Contaminants FP5_Contract No.: EVK1-CT1999-00004 Version: 4.0 Date: 25/07/01 File: D10-vers.4.0.doc Page 52 of 136 Level Effect Place of action (organism) Environmental chemicals Molecule Mutation, cancer Lever tumours (fishes) PAH Inhibition of enzymes Cytochrom P450 (fishes) OT, HM ATP-asen, oxidat. Phosphorylierung OT, HM Blocking of ion channels Neurones (fishes, arthropods) Pyrethroide Cells Cytotoxicity Cell membranes OT, HM, radicals nerve membrane Inhibition of the nerve irritation PCDD Organism Damage of organs Necrosis, apoptosis Several Growth and development Metamorphose at amphibians OT Failure of the development (fishes) Several Change of behaviour Search for food, enemy prevention OT, solvents Immuntoxicity Reduced immune response OT, HM, PCB, (fishes and mammals) PCDD Neurotoxicity Nervous system Pyrethriode, Carbamate, Organophosphates Physiological effects Metabolic disturbance (hormones, enzymes) Several Reproduction Estrogenic impact Alkylphenols (fishes and amphibia) Pesticides Androgenic impact (molluscan) Tributyltin Early stage of fishes OT, HM Thinning of eggshells (birds) DDT No reproduction at otters PCB Population Age and size structure Stagnant and sluggish waters (Phyto- and zooplankton, fishes) Several Community Ecosystem Formation and frequency of species Communities of plankton, communities of invertebrates, loss of species Pesticides, HM, Acid Depositions Table 7-3: Toxic effects of environmental chemicals to aquatic organisms in the different biological levels [FENT 1998].
Integrated Water Resource Management for Important Deep European Lakes and their Catchment Areas EUROLAKES D10: Impact of Contaminants FP5_Contract No.: EVK1-CT1999-00004 Version: 4.0 Date: 25/07/01 File: D10-vers.4.0.doc Page 53 of 136 8 ECOTOXICOLOGY The ecotoxicological impact of a substance depends on its chemical-physical attributes, biological availability and activity as well as its doses. The effects are considered as a whole at all biological levels - from the molecule to the ecosystem. The effects at the molecule and organism level are of central importance because here basic principals of operation are shown which affect to higher population and ecosystem levels. Beside the direct effects also indirect effects are analysed resulting from ecological reciprocities [FENT 1998]. He also states that all environmental fields are linked with dynamical transport and transfer processes. In this way environmental chemicals are spread and altered. The ecotoxicological effects of chemicals at organisms and the ecosystem can only be understood in connection with the exposition. If the features high persistence, high lipophility and bad metabolism are combined, it is dealt with ecotoxicological hazardous chemicals (e. g. PCDD, PCB, DDT). The chronic effect as a result of the load with low dosages over a long period is of a great ecotoxicological importance at environmental chemicals occurring in low concentrations, says the author. To turn away the chemical's harmful effect to organisms and ecosystems, basics for the practice must be created. Here test systems are used determining the toxicity at single organisms. But the testing of chemicals must not be restricted to test systems. 8.1 BEHAVIOUR OF CHEMICALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT All chemicals reaching the environment are subject to strongly networked circles. In these circles natural biogenic procedures are linked to anthropogeneous flows of material. In the different compartments the chemicals exist unbalance. Therefore physical transfer processes and biological transformation processes between the environmental fields are important. The chemicals are determined by concentration gradients. During transport and transfer processes the substance is unchanged but at chemical and biological transfer processes the structure of the substance is changed [FENT 1998]. Table 8-1 shows the processes responsible for the destiny of environmental chemicals: Category Process Chemicals Transport Advection, diffusion, dispersion, Crude oil, atrazine transport by particles PAH Transfer Solution in the water body Surfactant Sorption at particles, sediment and soil (sedi- Heavy metal mentation) Tetrachlorethene (PER) Evaporation into the atmosphere Sulphur and nitric ox- Atmospherical deposition ide, PCDD Transfor- Abiotic (Hydrolyse, photolysis, redox reac- Pesticide mationtions) (Organophosphate) Biotic (aerobe and anaerobe reduction) Methyl mercury, pesticide Table 8-1: Processes responsible for the destiny of environmental chemicals [FENT 1998]
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D10: Impact of Contaminants - Hydromod

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