D10: Impact of Contaminants - Hydromod

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Integrated Water Resource Management for Important Deep European Lakes and their Catchment Areas EUROLAKES D10: Impact of Contaminants FP5_Contract No.: EVK1-CT1999-00004 Version: 4.0 Date: 25/07/01 File: D10-vers.4.0.doc Page 90 of 136 11 ELIMINATION OF CONTAMINANTS The new water policy re-organises Community water legislation to prevent further deterioration and to protect and enhance water quality and quantity of aquatic ecosystems and groundwater. This proposal establishes a Community Framework with a common approach, objectives, basic measures and common definitions. This water policy focuses on water as it flows naturally through river basins and lakes towards the sea, taking into account natural interaction of surface water and groundwater in quantity and quality covering the whole of a river basin district including estuaries, other transitional waters and coastal waters. A combined approach to pollution control is required with control at source combined with the setting of environmental quality standards to ensure good status of waters by 2010. Programmes of measures must take into account all sources of impact on the aquatic ecosystems including impact from agriculture, energy production, transport, and spatial planning. Systematic monitoring of achievements is required. Moreover, the proposal introduces a requirement for water pricing policies that act as an incentive for the rational use of water as a step towards the full recovery of costs for water services, including financial, environmental and resource costs. The proposed Directive furthermore implements international obligations under the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Convention on Transboundary Water Courses and International Lakes of 1992 and the UN Convention on the nonnavigational use of waters of 1996. The occurrence of natural and anthropogenic endocrine disrupters in the environment can cause disturbances in the hormonal system of aquatic organisms. Sewage treatment plant runoffs are a major source of EDC's released into the environment since they are only incompletely eliminated in sewage treatment plants. Natural estrogens in the effluent can still reach levels which exert estrogenic effects on wildlife. Therefore the survey into the elimination of endocrine disrupters in sewage treatment plants is necessary [SCHWIER et al. 2001]. The research results of several investigations have shown that small amounts of natural and synthetic steroids (in the ng/l range) are found in the runoffs of sewage treatment plants. However these concentrations are seldom detected in portable water supplies or in river water. Xenoestrogens have been detected at higher concentrations (in the µg/ml range) not only in sewage treatment plant runoff, but also in surface water receiving wastewater runoff [HELMREICH 2001]. The estrogenic nonylphenol is a degradation product of frequently occurring tensides and accumulates in large quantities in the sewage sludge due to its hydrophobic behaviour. Therefore, for an input/output balance of hormonally active substances in sewage treatment plants the process of sludge treatment has to be included [SCHWIER et al. 2001].
Integrated Water Resource Management for Important Deep European Lakes and their Catchment Areas EUROLAKES D10: Impact of Contaminants 11.1 PROCESSES TO ELIMINATE CONTAMINANTS FROM WASTEWATER FP5_Contract No.: EVK1-CT1999-00004 Version: 4.0 Date: 25/07/01 File: D10-vers.4.0.doc Page 91 of 136 General Description of Processes Currently Applied It basically has to be distinguished between municipal and industrial wastewater treatment which apply more or less the same basic processes but under different preconditions and frequently with different aims. Industrial Wastewater Treatment Since industrial wastewater is characterised by high concentrations of specific contents (depending on the industry sector) intensified processes suitable for elimination of these specific contaminants are applied. As far as possible physical chemical processes are used and only if wastewater composition (ratio of nutrients and bio degradable carbonic compounds) allows, biological processes are applied. As the processes applied are based on the same principles as thosefor municipal wastewater treatment a more detailed process description shall be covered by the following section. It has to be noted that frequently industrial wastewater are subjected only a pre-treatment which allows a further full treatment together with municipal wastewater. The common treatment of industrial and municipal wastewater can have many advantages since municipal wastewater is frequently lacking carbonic compounds for full reduction of nutrients, whereas industrial wastewater are frequently characterised by high concentrations of carbonic compounds and a lack of nutrients. Municipal Wastewater Treatment Wastewater composition The average waste produced by a person in Europe can be characterised by the following table according to [IMMHOFF, 1990] and [ATV A131, 1991] Total g/person/ day BOD5 in g/person/ day Organic compounds in g/person/day Thereof pounds dissolved com- 125 30 50 75 Thereof settable 50 20 30 20 Thereof not settable 15 10 10 5 Total waste load 190 60 90 100 COD 120 Ptotal 2,5 11 N total Table 11-1 Wastewater composition Mineral compounds in g/person/day A typical municipal wastewater treatment plant corresponding to Council Directive 941/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment applies the following processes:
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D10: Impact of Contaminants - Hydromod

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