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from Belgium became apparent, it swiftly relayed its change of heart to the Belgian sovereign. Leopold, at least in the area of colonial efforts, always heeded the threats, stated or implied, of the British foreign office, and especially Palmerston. Lastly, unlike the Santo Tomas affair, Belgium apparently had no maps of Texas. It was necessary, however, that Pirson had some cartographic information from which to identify the Republic and to scout out the potential colony. This seems to have been the background of his hand-traced copy of a major British map of Texas (Map 1), showing the borders and several interior features of the Republic. Pirson was fortunate in that he did not need to rely on maps during his investigation because there were simply were no others in his possession. 213 This shortfall did not affect the outcome in view of the fact that the Belgian colony in Texas was simply not to be. 212 Pirson’s overall tone in the several letters he wrote after the trip to Texas indicated a general willingness to return if the government was interested in further contact with the Republic. 213 There was a strong cartographic history in Belgium in the nineteenth century but it did not extend to oceanographic maps before 1830. Marcel Watelet. Cartographie et politique dans la Belgique du XIXe siècle (Bruxelles: Crédit communal, 1987). The monopoly of the Dutch on shipping from Belgium rendered any maps of the seas unnecessary. 107
CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colonial thrust into Santo Tomas, Guatemala during 1840-1855 is perhaps the best known because of its utter failure. It is estimated that between 1843 and 1850 perhaps two thousand “colonists” 215 migrated to Santo Tomas upon representations that were at best incorrect and at worst fraudulent. Many died, most within a year of arrival. The choice of Santo Tomas as a potential Belgian colony was occasioned by a variety of factors including opportunity, fate, and inexperience. This combination of factors can also be seen in the disparate views and rationale of the men behind the venture with their unreasonable expectations, the government that showed little interest and the king who strongly felt that national, and personal, legitimacy necessitated the possession of colonies. As previously stated, Belgium in the latter part of the 1830s faced a variety of internal and external problems related to its position as a new country and the economic conditions that were created by its status as a former part of the larger United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The king and the country were also struggling with political and demographic problems created by this separation. 214 The correct spelling is Santo Tomás, however almost all references in both the archives and other texts in French relevant to the colony either omit the accent mark or hyphenate it as Santo-Tomas. To be consistent with the spelling in the Belgian works the (incorrect) spelling of Santo Tomas will be used. 215 There is some disagreement as to the actual number of colonists that settled in Santo Tomas. This is partly due to the ships’ manifest listing families as opposed to individuals. The population of the settlements is often given without differentiating between Belgians and Guatemalans. See Maselis, 402- 108
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
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ackground, demand, or other compell
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Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
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oth the original script document an
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man many consider the most influent
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Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
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Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
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CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
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more difficult issues of a study of
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Johnson. This was the same whether
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imperialism were generally thought
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of iron into steel; and massive cor
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in the overcrowded cities and facto
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cultural superiority, along with th
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Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
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asis of wealth, now gave way to the
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What did Belgium look like in the p
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ecstatic; his kingdom would double
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that settled and secured Belgian in
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of the monarchy under the protestan
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Given the limitations and inherent
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As the members of the chambers bega
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markets and there was a series of d
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government. Leopold’s position as
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Leopold made a great effort to incr
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connection to soften his opposition
Page 69 and 70: that the potential for harm from Le
Page 71 and 72: modern states of Thuringia and Bava
Page 73 and 74: During this first period, from his
Page 75 and 76: first, but the time will come when
Page 77 and 78: After the diplomatic battles in 184
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Page 89 and 90: minister (probably)? Did it reach t
Page 91 and 92: information, however, to allow a di
Page 93 and 94: with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
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Page 97 and 98: Specifically in his letter of Febru
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Page 111 and 112: Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
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Page 115 and 116: Leopold was either reacting to the
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Page 119: Similarly, there was no religious f
Page 123 and 124: In the late 1830s, as a result of i
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Page 127 and 128: 4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
Page 129 and 130: 4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
Page 131 and 132: The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
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Page 135 and 136: Finally shaken out of its complacen
Page 137 and 138: It may seem strange to ask why Sant
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Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
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Page 167 and 168: 5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
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A general consensus among historian
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Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
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These main two ethnic groups, the L
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Cohen was also in the forefront of
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several changes to its contents, va
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the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
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Belgian navy. A total of three diff
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Durant observed that it was the dri
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The third trip to the Nunez took pl
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There is no way to know if Leopold
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minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
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Rogier to relocate funds and make t
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As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
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the cessation of the yearly appeara
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vessels is highly commendable. The
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observations, the primitive medicin
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6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
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The examination of the four colonia
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Britain he had always envisioned be
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attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
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to deal with a constant stream of p
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The Belgian people responded to the
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almost impossible for a white man t
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We are told that the personal relat
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Texas would not have met criteria n
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historiography is lagging behind. T
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Center for American History, Univer
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Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
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Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
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________. The World and the West: T
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Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
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Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
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Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
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Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
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Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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