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The continent of Africa, parts of Asia, and the interior of Central and South America were veritable graveyards for Europeans until the 1850s. The scourges of malaria, yellow fever, and the additional African killer, sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasi) prevented any real European colonial activities. What overcame malaria was quinine. Known since the middle ages, 45 quinine was first used extensively by the French in their conquest of Algeria in the 1830s. It was not made medicinal and thereby useful until the 1840s and was not widely effective until it was used in solution, as a prophylaxis, on a daily basis by the British in the 1850s. Sleeping sickness, on the other hand, was more regional and waited until the first decade of the 1900s for an initial cure. The conquest of yellow fever required both an understanding of the mode of transmission, the mosquito, and the later development of a reasonably effective vaccine in the later part of the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. The technological developments of the nineteenth century such as the railroad, telegraph, and steamship in Europe and later in the colonies gave Europeans a significant advantage over the transportation systems in place in Africa and Asia at that time. From a military standpoint, however, the repeating rifle, smokeless powder, iron ships, and later the machine gun prevented any effective means of native resistance and often were absolutely devastating in their consequences. 46 The only item missing from this picture of political rationale, economic drive, and technological ability were directions or maps. Prior to 1850 Africa south of the 45 Quinine had been used as early as the malarial epidemic in Rome in 1631 after being sent by the Jesuit priest Agostino Salumbrino from South America. Its use and methodology however were not understood. 31
Sahara Desert was simply the “Dark Continent” 47 both due to the color of its people and the fact that that Europeans simply did not have any real knowledge of what lay more than twenty miles inland from any coast. The wider presumption, prior to 1800, was that since there were no external symbols of civilization 48 evident on the coast, other than those related to the now illegal slave trade, there was nothing of value; otherwise, someone would have taken advantage of it and a civilization would have arisen as a result. Beginning in the 1800s the Scottish adventurer Mungo Park 49 (1771-1806) pursued some of the earliest exploration of the Niger, reaching Timbuktu. In the 1820s, the English adventurer Hugh Clapperton 50 (1788-1827) explored the area beginning at the Bight of Benin and going inland to the Yoruba and Fula kingdoms of south central Africa. Additionally, the Landers brothers, Richard (1804-1834) and John (1807- 1839), 51 with Clapperton, and on their own, navigated the Niger and Bengue Rivers and reached the inland Niger Delta. The Frenchman René Caillié 52 (1799-1838) explored 46 The use of the Maxim machine gun at Omdurman in the Sudan in 1898 resulted in 10,000 Ansar killed and 13,000 wounded. British losses were 48 killed and 382 wounded. 47 The use of the term seems to have become common in the early part of the seventeenth century. 48The very meaning of the Latin root civis, “citizen” takes for granted group membership around a central authority that Western history has always identified with city. To the Western mind, the minimum requirement for civilization has always been the city. 49 Peter Ludwig Brent, Black Nile: Mungo Park and the Search for the Niger (London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1977). 50 Richard Lander, Records of Captain Clapperton's Last Expedition to Africa (London: Cass Library of African Studies. Travels and Narratives; reprint, London: Cass, 1967). 51 Richard Allen and A. R. Lander ed., Richard Lander's Journey to Sokoto (London: Oxford University Press, 1964). 52 Galbraith Welch, The Unveiling of Timbuctoo: The Astounding Adventures of Caillié (New York: W.Morrow & Co., 1939). 32
Page 1 and 2: EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
Page 5 and 6: Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
Page 7 and 8: even during tax season. Some things
Page 9 and 10: truths that merit, no demand, their
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
Page 15 and 16: we are to understand the non-Wester
Page 17 and 18: insight into the nature of Belgian
Page 19 and 20: ackground, demand, or other compell
Page 21 and 22: Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
Page 23 and 24: oth the original script document an
Page 25 and 26: man many consider the most influent
Page 27 and 28: Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
Page 29 and 30: Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
Page 33 and 34: more difficult issues of a study of
Page 35 and 36: Johnson. This was the same whether
Page 37 and 38: imperialism were generally thought
Page 39 and 40: of iron into steel; and massive cor
Page 41 and 42: in the overcrowded cities and facto
Page 43: cultural superiority, along with th
Page 47 and 48: asis of wealth, now gave way to the
Page 49 and 50: What did Belgium look like in the p
Page 51 and 52: ecstatic; his kingdom would double
Page 53 and 54: that settled and secured Belgian in
Page 55 and 56: of the monarchy under the protestan
Page 57 and 58: Given the limitations and inherent
Page 59 and 60: As the members of the chambers bega
Page 61 and 62: markets and there was a series of d
Page 63 and 64: government. Leopold’s position as
Page 65 and 66: Leopold made a great effort to incr
Page 67 and 68: connection to soften his opposition
Page 69 and 70: that the potential for harm from Le
Page 71 and 72: modern states of Thuringia and Bava
Page 73 and 74: During this first period, from his
Page 75 and 76: first, but the time will come when
Page 77 and 78: After the diplomatic battles in 184
Page 79 and 80: continuing through the end of the 1
Page 81 and 82: Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
Page 83 and 84: ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
Page 85 and 86: pledged his loyalty for life to the
Page 87 and 88: control or domination of one nation
Page 89 and 90: minister (probably)? Did it reach t
Page 91 and 92: information, however, to allow a di
Page 93 and 94: with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
Page 95 and 96:
time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
Page 97 and 98:
Specifically in his letter of Febru
Page 99 and 100:
something of a disadvantage in view
Page 101 and 102:
announcement of the boat for New Or
Page 103 and 104:
location, as those the Republic had
Page 105 and 106:
advertisement rates, and the availa
Page 107 and 108:
in cotton, but also including major
Page 109 and 110:
political instability evidenced by
Page 111 and 112:
Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
Page 113 and 114:
seeking a commercial treaty and loa
Page 115 and 116:
Leopold was either reacting to the
Page 117 and 118:
further than it did. 210 The much l
Page 119 and 120:
Similarly, there was no religious f
Page 121 and 122:
CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
Page 123 and 124:
In the late 1830s, as a result of i
Page 125 and 126:
an English company, and others may
Page 127 and 128:
4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
Page 129 and 130:
4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
Page 131 and 132:
The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
Page 133 and 134:
health and climate issues, but rath
Page 135 and 136:
Finally shaken out of its complacen
Page 137 and 138:
It may seem strange to ask why Sant
Page 139 and 140:
a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
Page 141 and 142:
1854, verified the absolute foolish
Page 143 and 144:
expand them. There was a strong cal
Page 145 and 146:
position. 274 Simultaneously with t
Page 147 and 148:
withdraw as an active political lea
Page 149 and 150:
Early maps had been somewhat genera
Page 151 and 152:
CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
Page 153 and 154:
Van Lede’s initial contact with t
Page 155 and 156:
equirement for minimum capitalizati
Page 157 and 158:
were not in the Company’s name bu
Page 159 and 160:
Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
Page 161 and 162:
have much broader support in the ch
Page 163 and 164:
outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
Page 165 and 166:
A more interesting aspect of any at
Page 167 and 168:
5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
Page 171 and 172:
A general consensus among historian
Page 173 and 174:
Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
Page 175 and 176:
These main two ethnic groups, the L
Page 177 and 178:
Cohen was also in the forefront of
Page 179 and 180:
several changes to its contents, va
Page 181 and 182:
the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
Page 183 and 184:
Belgian navy. A total of three diff
Page 185 and 186:
Durant observed that it was the dri
Page 187 and 188:
The third trip to the Nunez took pl
Page 189 and 190:
There is no way to know if Leopold
Page 191 and 192:
minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
Page 193 and 194:
Rogier to relocate funds and make t
Page 195 and 196:
As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
Page 197 and 198:
the cessation of the yearly appeara
Page 199 and 200:
vessels is highly commendable. The
Page 201 and 202:
observations, the primitive medicin
Page 203 and 204:
6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
Page 205 and 206:
The examination of the four colonia
Page 207 and 208:
Britain he had always envisioned be
Page 209 and 210:
attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
Page 211 and 212:
to deal with a constant stream of p
Page 213 and 214:
The Belgian people responded to the
Page 215 and 216:
almost impossible for a white man t
Page 217 and 218:
We are told that the personal relat
Page 219 and 220:
Texas would not have met criteria n
Page 221 and 222:
historiography is lagging behind. T
Page 223 and 224:
Center for American History, Univer
Page 225 and 226:
Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
Page 227 and 228:
Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
Page 229 and 230:
________. The World and the West: T
Page 231 and 232:
Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
Page 233 and 234:
Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
Page 235 and 236:
Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
Page 237 and 238:
Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
Page 239 and 240:
Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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