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Leopold I and II used their personal fortunes and access to state funds to back or finance quasi governmental ventures. 90 Leopold II, however, did so successfully. As a rationale for colonial development in the later part of the twentieth century, the question of religion and the strong desire for conversion is frequently mentioned. The religious world of early Belgium, however, shows a uniformity of belief and little interest in external religious adventure. The unity of purpose that created the union party in 1828 with the conservative Catholic Church of Belgium had centered on the question of education and the primacy of Catholicism. The actions of the Belgian Catholic Church over the next thirty years solidified its position in education and assured its independent position 91 in the country. Additionally, the two most ambitious colonial adventures, Santo Tomas and Santa Catarina, took place in the totally Catholic countries of Guatemala and Brazil, respectively. Part of the rationale for the choice of these countries was the fact that Belgium could offer the possibility of good, hardworking Catholic colonists who would not disturb the religious solidarity and peace of these countries. Lastly, as the union party began to collapse into partisan politics, the secular Freemason element of the liberal party soon tried to limit any religious activity on the part of the Catholic Church, which included the official backing of the Belgian 90 Leopold I’s income was relatively modest for a monarch. In addition to sums he received as King of the Belgians, he received a major annual disbursement of fifty thousand pounds from the British government upon the death of his first wife Charlotte. He was wise enough, however to put it in trust to maintain his English country manor Claremont. There was, however, no effective way for the British government to know how he actually spent the income. Leopold II was simply one of the richest people in Europe. 91 The collapse of the union party was at least in part due to the church’s refusal to allow secular schools. 49
government. Leopold’s position as a Protestant monarch over a Catholic country did not seem to affect his actions in this regard, unless it could be used to his advantage in negotiations for his colonial aspirations. 92 The population of Belgium in 1830 was three and a half million people. In the preceding thirty years it had transformed itself from an overwhelmingly agricultural economy to the strongest industrial economy after that of Great Britain. The costs, as we have seen, were extremely high in terms of the social fabric. The migrations to the cities where also accompanied by some migration to France and Holland. Most of this migration, however, seems to have been by artisans and merchants—those who could afford to leave. 93 The population density of Belgium at this time was second only to Holland, in terms of Europe. Again, there was no large scale attempt to emigrate. The vast number of unemployed and destitute stayed in Belgium. Why? Most of them did not seem to want to leave. 94 By virtue of its recent creation, Belgium had no titled aristocracy, old or new, to be disrupted by the political and economic changes of its early years. But there was a pool of military officers and entrepreneurs available due to the industrial wealth created by its growing industrial middle class. These were men available for overseas adventures, should they present themselves. 92 Leopold I was protestant but considered religion something personal and not to be forced. 93 There was emigration to the United States that was not of a governmental or commercial nature. See Torsten Feys, “The Emigration Policy of the Belgian Government from Belgium to the United States Through the Port of Antwerp 1842-1914” (M.S. thesis, University of Gent, 2003). 94 Most preferred to stay in Belgium, migrating especially to the cities which became greatly overcrowded. Some of this reluctance to leave can certainly be explained by the horror stories from those returning from Santo Tomas and Santa Catarina. 50
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
Page 15 and 16: we are to understand the non-Wester
Page 17 and 18: insight into the nature of Belgian
Page 19 and 20: ackground, demand, or other compell
Page 21 and 22: Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
Page 23 and 24: oth the original script document an
Page 25 and 26: man many consider the most influent
Page 27 and 28: Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
Page 29 and 30: Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
Page 33 and 34: more difficult issues of a study of
Page 35 and 36: Johnson. This was the same whether
Page 37 and 38: imperialism were generally thought
Page 39 and 40: of iron into steel; and massive cor
Page 41 and 42: in the overcrowded cities and facto
Page 43 and 44: cultural superiority, along with th
Page 45 and 46: Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
Page 47 and 48: asis of wealth, now gave way to the
Page 49 and 50: What did Belgium look like in the p
Page 51 and 52: ecstatic; his kingdom would double
Page 53 and 54: that settled and secured Belgian in
Page 55 and 56: of the monarchy under the protestan
Page 57 and 58: Given the limitations and inherent
Page 59 and 60: As the members of the chambers bega
Page 61: markets and there was a series of d
Page 65 and 66: Leopold made a great effort to incr
Page 67 and 68: connection to soften his opposition
Page 69 and 70: that the potential for harm from Le
Page 71 and 72: modern states of Thuringia and Bava
Page 73 and 74: During this first period, from his
Page 75 and 76: first, but the time will come when
Page 77 and 78: After the diplomatic battles in 184
Page 79 and 80: continuing through the end of the 1
Page 81 and 82: Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
Page 83 and 84: ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
Page 85 and 86: pledged his loyalty for life to the
Page 87 and 88: control or domination of one nation
Page 89 and 90: minister (probably)? Did it reach t
Page 91 and 92: information, however, to allow a di
Page 93 and 94: with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
Page 95 and 96: time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
Page 97 and 98: Specifically in his letter of Febru
Page 99 and 100: something of a disadvantage in view
Page 101 and 102: announcement of the boat for New Or
Page 103 and 104: location, as those the Republic had
Page 105 and 106: advertisement rates, and the availa
Page 107 and 108: in cotton, but also including major
Page 109 and 110: political instability evidenced by
Page 111 and 112: Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
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seeking a commercial treaty and loa
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Leopold was either reacting to the
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further than it did. 210 The much l
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Similarly, there was no religious f
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CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
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In the late 1830s, as a result of i
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an English company, and others may
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4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
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4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
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The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
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health and climate issues, but rath
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Finally shaken out of its complacen
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It may seem strange to ask why Sant
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a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
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1854, verified the absolute foolish
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expand them. There was a strong cal
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position. 274 Simultaneously with t
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withdraw as an active political lea
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Early maps had been somewhat genera
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CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
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Van Lede’s initial contact with t
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equirement for minimum capitalizati
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were not in the Company’s name bu
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Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
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have much broader support in the ch
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outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
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A more interesting aspect of any at
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5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
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CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
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A general consensus among historian
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Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
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These main two ethnic groups, the L
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Cohen was also in the forefront of
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several changes to its contents, va
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the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
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Belgian navy. A total of three diff
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Durant observed that it was the dri
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The third trip to the Nunez took pl
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There is no way to know if Leopold
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minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
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Rogier to relocate funds and make t
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As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
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the cessation of the yearly appeara
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vessels is highly commendable. The
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observations, the primitive medicin
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6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
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The examination of the four colonia
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Britain he had always envisioned be
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attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
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to deal with a constant stream of p
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The Belgian people responded to the
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almost impossible for a white man t
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We are told that the personal relat
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Texas would not have met criteria n
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historiography is lagging behind. T
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Center for American History, Univer
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Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
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Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
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________. The World and the West: T
Page 231 and 232:
Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
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Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
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Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
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Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
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Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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