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frequent, but Victoria began to search for other individuals in her surroundings who she could trust. After her coronation in 1837, Victoria began to place more and more confidence, and, it has been alleged, a minor romantic interest, in Viscount Melbourne, her Prime Minister (1837-1841). Over the next two to three years, in an attempt to increase her independence as the Queen of England, Victoria increased her reliance on Lord Melbourne, to the detriment of Leopold. Sensing this growing and palpable influence, Leopold sent to the queen his closest associate, advisor and Victoria’s childhood acquaintance, Stockmar. Leopold would not easily let his dreams of being the power behind the throne slip away. Beginning in the late 1830s, as a result of the final negotiations for Belgian independence and the continuing effects of a severe economic downturn, Leopold began to feel that his power to influence Victoria was diminishing. Leopold understood this most clearly when he attempted to influence the British government, and more particularly Victoria and Palmerston, regarding the final terms of the peace treaty between Belgium and Holland in 1839. Leopold felt Belgium was being forced to give up claims to too much territory. He complained to Victoria and requested her help. Victoria’s response was respectful yet swift; this subject was something she and her Prime Minister, Melbourne, were fully capable of understanding. The territorial division was in Belgium’s and Leopold’s long-term best interests she retorted, and he needed to accept it. Leopold’s exhortations to his niece that she should always do what was best and avoid outside pressure had been learned all too well. Beginning in 1837 and 125 Victoria and others, 10-11. 65
continuing through the end of the 1830s, Leopold began to be increasingly concerned with continental problems as he attempted to solidify Belgium’s border and to walk the tightrope between England and France as king of neutral Belgium. The growing influence of Melbourne and the continuing opposition of Palmerston resulted in an increasing feeling of isolation on Leopold’s part. By 1839, Leopold felt that there was no way he could salvage his relationship with his niece. It was at this time, however, that he successfully maneuvered his nephew, Albert, into a second meeting with Victoria, 126 and they were married soon after. The relationship between Leopold, Victoria, and Albert became so close that the Belgian royal family began to spend weeks of every year in London to the great consternation of the cabinet, especially Palmerston. Fortunately for the King of the Belgians, his growing dislike of Palmerston was soon shared by both the young queen and her new husband, Albert. Palmerston was concerned with the Germanic influence on the queen by her husband, Albert; her mother, Victoria; her uncle Leopold; and her private secretary, Stockmar. His actions, although clearly, at least in his opinion, in the best interests of England, often seemed to cross paths with those of Victoria and certainly Leopold. Palmerston often went days without responding to the queen’s written requests, ignoring others, and sometimes even intercepting and opening letters to the queen. The relationship between the queen 126 The first meeting between Victoria and Albert did not go very well as she did not find him of any real interest. It took Leopold’s persistence, and the rejection of another suitor from the Prussian Royal family, to convince Victoria to have a second meeting with Albert which obviously went quite well. 66
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
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ackground, demand, or other compell
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Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
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oth the original script document an
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man many consider the most influent
Page 27 and 28: Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
Page 29 and 30: Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
Page 33 and 34: more difficult issues of a study of
Page 35 and 36: Johnson. This was the same whether
Page 37 and 38: imperialism were generally thought
Page 39 and 40: of iron into steel; and massive cor
Page 41 and 42: in the overcrowded cities and facto
Page 43 and 44: cultural superiority, along with th
Page 45 and 46: Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
Page 47 and 48: asis of wealth, now gave way to the
Page 49 and 50: What did Belgium look like in the p
Page 51 and 52: ecstatic; his kingdom would double
Page 53 and 54: that settled and secured Belgian in
Page 55 and 56: of the monarchy under the protestan
Page 57 and 58: Given the limitations and inherent
Page 59 and 60: As the members of the chambers bega
Page 61 and 62: markets and there was a series of d
Page 63 and 64: government. Leopold’s position as
Page 65 and 66: Leopold made a great effort to incr
Page 67 and 68: connection to soften his opposition
Page 69 and 70: that the potential for harm from Le
Page 71 and 72: modern states of Thuringia and Bava
Page 73 and 74: During this first period, from his
Page 75 and 76: first, but the time will come when
Page 77: After the diplomatic battles in 184
Page 81 and 82: Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
Page 83 and 84: ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
Page 85 and 86: pledged his loyalty for life to the
Page 87 and 88: control or domination of one nation
Page 89 and 90: minister (probably)? Did it reach t
Page 91 and 92: information, however, to allow a di
Page 93 and 94: with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
Page 95 and 96: time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
Page 97 and 98: Specifically in his letter of Febru
Page 99 and 100: something of a disadvantage in view
Page 101 and 102: announcement of the boat for New Or
Page 103 and 104: location, as those the Republic had
Page 105 and 106: advertisement rates, and the availa
Page 107 and 108: in cotton, but also including major
Page 109 and 110: political instability evidenced by
Page 111 and 112: Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
Page 113 and 114: seeking a commercial treaty and loa
Page 115 and 116: Leopold was either reacting to the
Page 117 and 118: further than it did. 210 The much l
Page 119 and 120: Similarly, there was no religious f
Page 121 and 122: CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
Page 123 and 124: In the late 1830s, as a result of i
Page 125 and 126: an English company, and others may
Page 127 and 128: 4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
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4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
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The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
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health and climate issues, but rath
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Finally shaken out of its complacen
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It may seem strange to ask why Sant
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a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
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1854, verified the absolute foolish
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expand them. There was a strong cal
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position. 274 Simultaneously with t
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withdraw as an active political lea
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Early maps had been somewhat genera
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CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
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Van Lede’s initial contact with t
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equirement for minimum capitalizati
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were not in the Company’s name bu
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Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
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have much broader support in the ch
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outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
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A more interesting aspect of any at
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5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
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CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
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A general consensus among historian
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Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
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These main two ethnic groups, the L
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Cohen was also in the forefront of
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several changes to its contents, va
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the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
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Belgian navy. A total of three diff
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Durant observed that it was the dri
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The third trip to the Nunez took pl
Page 189 and 190:
There is no way to know if Leopold
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minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
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Rogier to relocate funds and make t
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As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
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the cessation of the yearly appeara
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vessels is highly commendable. The
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observations, the primitive medicin
Page 203 and 204:
6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
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The examination of the four colonia
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Britain he had always envisioned be
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attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
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to deal with a constant stream of p
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The Belgian people responded to the
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almost impossible for a white man t
Page 217 and 218:
We are told that the personal relat
Page 219 and 220:
Texas would not have met criteria n
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historiography is lagging behind. T
Page 223 and 224:
Center for American History, Univer
Page 225 and 226:
Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
Page 227 and 228:
Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
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________. The World and the West: T
Page 231 and 232:
Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
Page 233 and 234:
Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
Page 235 and 236:
Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
Page 237 and 238:
Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
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Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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