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expanded on the conditions that existed before Leopold II so that study and scholarship in this area, especially of a broader nature, will advance. Much of the historical record on Belgium’s role in nineteenth century colonialism reflects a fairly confined, orderly review and analysis of the official record and its closely related documents. This is changing. It is hoped that this effort here, although also mostly based on the official records, by its broader view reflects a very small part of the much larger historical effort in Belgium today. Leopold II may have been the subject of a deeper study of Belgian colonialism in the Congo but it may have broadened the inquiry to all of Belgian colonial activity, and by definition the larger world of European imperialism. The forced examination of Belgium and Leopold’s past and Belgian colonialism and imperialism has in many ways recast the way Belgium and its historians view this facet of Belgium’s past. Guy Vanthemsche, of the University of Brussels, in a 2006 paper entitled “The Historiography of Belgian Colonialism in the Congo,” 402 explained some of the shortcomings and advances Belgian colonial history has and must take. His words are relevant beyond the Congo. In discussing a work by two Belgian historians, Hein Vanhee and Geert Castryck, Vanthemsche wrote: A few years ago, these two authors produced a stimulating essay on the state of the art and the future perspectives of colonial historiography in Belgium, introducing a special issue of the Belgian review of contemporary history, consisting of several articles on Belgian colonial history. This is certainly the symptom of the fact that something is indeed changing in the Belgian historical world. But in comparison to other former imperial countries, Belgian colonial 402 Guy Vanthemsche, “The Historiography of Belgian Colonialism in the Congo,” in Europe and the World in European Historiography, ed. Lévai, Csaba. (Pisa: Pisa University Press, 2006), 119. 207
historiography is lagging behind. The heavy institutional and political weight attached to the Leopoldian heritage had something to do with this. Much remains to be done, but luckily, new perspectives and approaches (anthropology, gender studies, cultural studies) undoubtedly will fertilize historical work on colonial Congo. The new generation of Belgian historians has never known colonialism. They do not want to “prove” anything and do not have any special feelings of guilt, nostalgia or justification towards what happened in the Congo under Belgian rule. In their eyes, there is only one thing left in eulogy and in national pride: these old fetters, which have influenced so deeply the beginnings of colonial historiography, have themselves become objects of scientific enquiry. Understanding and explaining colonialism, a complex phenomenon of societal contact: this is the huge task that lays ahead. If their new approach and the resulting new insights percolate through to public opinion, politicians and school children, these historians will not have wasted their time. 403 If Vanthemsche is right, than perhaps we will be better able to know how long and fateful the shadow of Leopold I influenced Leopold II and Belgian colonialism. 403 Lévai, 106-7. 208
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
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ackground, demand, or other compell
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Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
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oth the original script document an
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man many consider the most influent
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Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
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Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
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CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
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more difficult issues of a study of
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Johnson. This was the same whether
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imperialism were generally thought
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of iron into steel; and massive cor
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in the overcrowded cities and facto
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cultural superiority, along with th
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Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
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asis of wealth, now gave way to the
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What did Belgium look like in the p
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ecstatic; his kingdom would double
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that settled and secured Belgian in
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of the monarchy under the protestan
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Given the limitations and inherent
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As the members of the chambers bega
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markets and there was a series of d
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government. Leopold’s position as
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Leopold made a great effort to incr
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connection to soften his opposition
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that the potential for harm from Le
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modern states of Thuringia and Bava
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During this first period, from his
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first, but the time will come when
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After the diplomatic battles in 184
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continuing through the end of the 1
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Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
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ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
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pledged his loyalty for life to the
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control or domination of one nation
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minister (probably)? Did it reach t
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information, however, to allow a di
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with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
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time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
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Specifically in his letter of Febru
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something of a disadvantage in view
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announcement of the boat for New Or
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location, as those the Republic had
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advertisement rates, and the availa
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in cotton, but also including major
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political instability evidenced by
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Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
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seeking a commercial treaty and loa
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Leopold was either reacting to the
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further than it did. 210 The much l
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Similarly, there was no religious f
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CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
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In the late 1830s, as a result of i
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an English company, and others may
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4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
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4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
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The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
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health and climate issues, but rath
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Finally shaken out of its complacen
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It may seem strange to ask why Sant
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a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
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1854, verified the absolute foolish
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expand them. There was a strong cal
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position. 274 Simultaneously with t
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withdraw as an active political lea
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Early maps had been somewhat genera
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CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
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Van Lede’s initial contact with t
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equirement for minimum capitalizati
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were not in the Company’s name bu
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Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
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have much broader support in the ch
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outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
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A more interesting aspect of any at
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5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
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Page 177 and 178: Cohen was also in the forefront of
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Page 183 and 184: Belgian navy. A total of three diff
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Page 201 and 202: observations, the primitive medicin
Page 203 and 204: 6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
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Page 209 and 210: attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
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Page 213 and 214: The Belgian people responded to the
Page 215 and 216: almost impossible for a white man t
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Page 219: Texas would not have met criteria n
Page 223 and 224: Center for American History, Univer
Page 225 and 226: Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
Page 227 and 228: Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
Page 229 and 230: ________. The World and the West: T
Page 231 and 232: Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
Page 233 and 234: Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
Page 235 and 236: Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
Page 237 and 238: Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
Page 239 and 240: Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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