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part of the larger group of German colonists in the unofficially combined community of Ilhota/Blumenau/Joinville. In December 1874 Count Conde d’Ursal verified the previous discovery of the Belgian chargé d’affaires that the land the colonists had farmed for decades had not been owned by the Compagnie belge-brésilienne de Colonisation, but by Van Lede personally, who had deeded the properties to a hospital in Antwerp. Despite the Count’s recommendation that the land be given to the colonists, it took a fifteen year fight for the colonists to defeat the claims of the hospital and obtain the land. Why did the colony of Santa Catarina and the village of Ilhota fail? Many of the same reasons can be applied to the failure of Van Lede’s effort that can be attributed to Santo Tomas. In fact, Santo Tomas may be a reason in itself for Santa Catarina’s downfall. The worst years of the colonial attempt in Guatemala coincided with the bad years in Brazil. Additionally, the Belgian government had begun, partially as a result of the failure of Santo Tomas, to look into methods by which it could transplant, safely and cheaply, some of its citizens other than by a formal colonization project. 310 The government had come to a realization that perhaps the best location for Belgians would be in an area where the climate was similar to Belgium’s. 311 This was certainly not the case in Guatemala and Brazil, not to mention the west coast of Africa. This led to the major decision to look into the possibility of settling Belgians in the United States. 312 This effort and its subsequent efforts did not fulfill Leopold’s imperialistic aims but did 309 “La colonie est en ruine,” Straten-Ponthoz to d’Hoffschmidt, June 1847. Ficker, 27. 310 Feys, 33-35. 311 Ibid., 31. 147
have much broader support in the chambers. Santa Catarina seems to have been lost in the effort to find a more temperate climate. This new non colonial effort to transplant its citizens did not fulfill the imperialistic aims of Leopold but did have much broader support in the chambers. Leopold’s involvement in Brazil had taken several different aspects. He had briefly considered Brazil in 1838 and 1839 in terms of either exporting the excess prison population or training the Belgian army by lending it to the Brazilian government in its attempts in to increase its military at that time. Leopold had let his name, as had the Brazilian Emperor Don Pedro II, be used on the share certificate of the second Compagnie belge-brésilienne de Colonisation. As late as 1846, Leopold indicated that he thought that he could or should help the colony in Santa Catarina, perhaps by a stronger association of his name with the effort. But he was strongly dissuaded from doing so by the foreign minister. 313 Soon the events of 1847 and 1848 began to divert his time and effort, and he seems to have lost interest in the Brazilian effort. A significant distinction between Santa Catarina and all other Belgian efforts in the colonial area was the oversight that was available, and the fact that despite Belgian governmental oversight, the colony still failed. From the first involvement of De Jaeger in 1842 through the visits by van der Straten Ponthoz in 1847, Van Lede and his successors were in constant communication with members of the Belgian legation in Rio de Janeiro. Although the distance was over four hundred miles between the main settlement at Itajahi and Rio de Janeiro, it was a certainly a lot closer then Texas, Santo 312 Ibid., 22-4. 148
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
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ackground, demand, or other compell
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Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
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oth the original script document an
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man many consider the most influent
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Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
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Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
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CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
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more difficult issues of a study of
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Johnson. This was the same whether
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imperialism were generally thought
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of iron into steel; and massive cor
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in the overcrowded cities and facto
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cultural superiority, along with th
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Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
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asis of wealth, now gave way to the
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What did Belgium look like in the p
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ecstatic; his kingdom would double
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that settled and secured Belgian in
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of the monarchy under the protestan
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Given the limitations and inherent
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As the members of the chambers bega
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markets and there was a series of d
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government. Leopold’s position as
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Leopold made a great effort to incr
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connection to soften his opposition
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that the potential for harm from Le
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modern states of Thuringia and Bava
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During this first period, from his
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first, but the time will come when
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After the diplomatic battles in 184
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continuing through the end of the 1
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Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
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ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
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pledged his loyalty for life to the
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control or domination of one nation
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minister (probably)? Did it reach t
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information, however, to allow a di
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with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
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time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
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Specifically in his letter of Febru
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something of a disadvantage in view
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announcement of the boat for New Or
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location, as those the Republic had
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advertisement rates, and the availa
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in cotton, but also including major
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Page 111 and 112: Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
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Page 115 and 116: Leopold was either reacting to the
Page 117 and 118: further than it did. 210 The much l
Page 119 and 120: Similarly, there was no religious f
Page 121 and 122: CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
Page 123 and 124: In the late 1830s, as a result of i
Page 125 and 126: an English company, and others may
Page 127 and 128: 4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
Page 129 and 130: 4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
Page 131 and 132: The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
Page 133 and 134: health and climate issues, but rath
Page 135 and 136: Finally shaken out of its complacen
Page 137 and 138: It may seem strange to ask why Sant
Page 139 and 140: a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
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Page 143 and 144: expand them. There was a strong cal
Page 145 and 146: position. 274 Simultaneously with t
Page 147 and 148: withdraw as an active political lea
Page 149 and 150: Early maps had been somewhat genera
Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
Page 153 and 154: Van Lede’s initial contact with t
Page 155 and 156: equirement for minimum capitalizati
Page 157 and 158: were not in the Company’s name bu
Page 159: Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
Page 163 and 164: outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
Page 165 and 166: A more interesting aspect of any at
Page 167 and 168: 5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
Page 171 and 172: A general consensus among historian
Page 173 and 174: Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
Page 175 and 176: These main two ethnic groups, the L
Page 177 and 178: Cohen was also in the forefront of
Page 179 and 180: several changes to its contents, va
Page 181 and 182: the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
Page 183 and 184: Belgian navy. A total of three diff
Page 185 and 186: Durant observed that it was the dri
Page 187 and 188: The third trip to the Nunez took pl
Page 189 and 190: There is no way to know if Leopold
Page 191 and 192: minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
Page 193 and 194: Rogier to relocate funds and make t
Page 195 and 196: As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
Page 197 and 198: the cessation of the yearly appeara
Page 199 and 200: vessels is highly commendable. The
Page 201 and 202: observations, the primitive medicin
Page 203 and 204: 6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
Page 205 and 206: The examination of the four colonia
Page 207 and 208: Britain he had always envisioned be
Page 209 and 210: attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
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to deal with a constant stream of p
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The Belgian people responded to the
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almost impossible for a white man t
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We are told that the personal relat
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Texas would not have met criteria n
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historiography is lagging behind. T
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Center for American History, Univer
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Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
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Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
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________. The World and the West: T
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Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
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Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
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Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
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Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
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Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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