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River and planted in and along the flood plain. Shortly after the crop was planted there was a raging flood, which destroyed the crops that had been planted. The reaction of the colonists was predictable. A fairly large group of colonists, perhaps one quarter to one third of the settlement, chose to return to Belgium. On July 28, 1845 the Brazilian Parliament approved the grant. However, it had several changes, one of which proved ended Van Lede’s interest. The House of Deputies had removed the mineral rights in the grant; they remained with the government. Van Lede, along with his wife, returned to Belgium, stating that he would try to have the matter resolved. It is hard to see what returning to Belgium would have accomplished since it was the Brazilian government that had changed the terms, not the Belgian. Before leaving Van Lede had put Phillipe Fontaine in charge of the colony, a move that would prove quite destructive to the fledging colony. Van Lede never returned to Brazil. In 1848 he was appointed to the Provincial Council and for all practical purposes this was the end of Van Lede’s interest in the colony and the Compagnie belge-brésilienne de Colonisation. Again, the issue of Van Lede’s dedication seems to be highlighted by his failure to return. The only really significant change made by the Brazilian legislature was the elimination of mineral rights. Van Lede’s background was in engineering, and he had previously been appointed as an engineer for the Chilean Department of Roads, Bridges, and Harbors. Early interest in the colony did seem to be centered on the issue of mineral wealth. There is no plausible explanation other than he could no longer attain his primary objective. 145
Under Fontaine the colony deteriorated rapidly. He was accused of underpaying the colonists for their work so as to drive them out of the colony in order to sell their land. He did in fact sell some of the colony’s land to a group of German colonists. 303 He seems to have been involved in smuggling, misusing its status as a colony to import goods into the colony without paying import duties. Lastly, Fontaine is alleged to have sold one of the two ships provided by the Belgian government for the colony. 304 He was arrested by the Brazilian government and accused of theft and smuggling. 305 He immediately fled to Belgium. 306 The colony was visited by Consul Charles Sheridan, who reported on the wretched condition of the colony and the colonists. 307 As a result of Sheridan’s report, Gustave LeBon took over as the head of colony, and he proceeded to seek and gain the help of the neighboring communities of Blumenthau and Joinville, containing mostly German colonists. 308 In the middle of 1847 chargé d’affaires Auguste van der Straten Ponthoz reported to the foreign office that the colony was, for all practical purposes, no longer existed. 309 After LeBon departed, the colony was left to the care of Henry Schutel, who appears to have done absolutely nothing; at this point the colony became 303 Ficker, 19. 304 Marsalis, 130. 305 The entire crew of the Jan Van Eyck was also imprisoned although it is doubtful they were aware of the violations. 306 He wrote a report exculpating himself entitled Rapport sur la situation de la Colonie Belge. Ficker, 28. 307 “…however the new chargé d' affairés from Belgium in Rio, Baron Auguste van der Straten- Ponthoz, sent a letter about the matter to the Foreign Minister in Brussels, severely critical of Van Lede.”, “...ficou resolvido, porém o novo Cfargé d' Afâaircé da Bélgica no Rio, Barão Auguste van der Straten-Ponthoz, enviou um ofício sobre o assunto ao Ministro em Bruxellas, levantando as mais severas críticas contra Van Lede”, Straten-Ponthoz to d’Hoffschmidt, 22 May 184(5?). Ficker, 22. 308 Tschudi, 110 and 130-132. 146
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
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ackground, demand, or other compell
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Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
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oth the original script document an
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man many consider the most influent
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Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
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Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
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CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
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more difficult issues of a study of
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Johnson. This was the same whether
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imperialism were generally thought
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of iron into steel; and massive cor
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in the overcrowded cities and facto
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cultural superiority, along with th
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Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
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asis of wealth, now gave way to the
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What did Belgium look like in the p
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ecstatic; his kingdom would double
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that settled and secured Belgian in
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of the monarchy under the protestan
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Given the limitations and inherent
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As the members of the chambers bega
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markets and there was a series of d
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government. Leopold’s position as
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Leopold made a great effort to incr
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connection to soften his opposition
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that the potential for harm from Le
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modern states of Thuringia and Bava
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During this first period, from his
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first, but the time will come when
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After the diplomatic battles in 184
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continuing through the end of the 1
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Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
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ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
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pledged his loyalty for life to the
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control or domination of one nation
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minister (probably)? Did it reach t
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information, however, to allow a di
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with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
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time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
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Specifically in his letter of Febru
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something of a disadvantage in view
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announcement of the boat for New Or
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location, as those the Republic had
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advertisement rates, and the availa
Page 107 and 108: in cotton, but also including major
Page 109 and 110: political instability evidenced by
Page 111 and 112: Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
Page 113 and 114: seeking a commercial treaty and loa
Page 115 and 116: Leopold was either reacting to the
Page 117 and 118: further than it did. 210 The much l
Page 119 and 120: Similarly, there was no religious f
Page 121 and 122: CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
Page 123 and 124: In the late 1830s, as a result of i
Page 125 and 126: an English company, and others may
Page 127 and 128: 4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
Page 129 and 130: 4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
Page 131 and 132: The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
Page 133 and 134: health and climate issues, but rath
Page 135 and 136: Finally shaken out of its complacen
Page 137 and 138: It may seem strange to ask why Sant
Page 139 and 140: a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
Page 141 and 142: 1854, verified the absolute foolish
Page 143 and 144: expand them. There was a strong cal
Page 145 and 146: position. 274 Simultaneously with t
Page 147 and 148: withdraw as an active political lea
Page 149 and 150: Early maps had been somewhat genera
Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
Page 153 and 154: Van Lede’s initial contact with t
Page 155 and 156: equirement for minimum capitalizati
Page 157: were not in the Company’s name bu
Page 161 and 162: have much broader support in the ch
Page 163 and 164: outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
Page 165 and 166: A more interesting aspect of any at
Page 167 and 168: 5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
Page 171 and 172: A general consensus among historian
Page 173 and 174: Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
Page 175 and 176: These main two ethnic groups, the L
Page 177 and 178: Cohen was also in the forefront of
Page 179 and 180: several changes to its contents, va
Page 181 and 182: the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
Page 183 and 184: Belgian navy. A total of three diff
Page 185 and 186: Durant observed that it was the dri
Page 187 and 188: The third trip to the Nunez took pl
Page 189 and 190: There is no way to know if Leopold
Page 191 and 192: minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
Page 193 and 194: Rogier to relocate funds and make t
Page 195 and 196: As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
Page 197 and 198: the cessation of the yearly appeara
Page 199 and 200: vessels is highly commendable. The
Page 201 and 202: observations, the primitive medicin
Page 203 and 204: 6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
Page 205 and 206: The examination of the four colonia
Page 207 and 208: Britain he had always envisioned be
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attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
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to deal with a constant stream of p
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The Belgian people responded to the
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almost impossible for a white man t
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We are told that the personal relat
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Texas would not have met criteria n
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historiography is lagging behind. T
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Center for American History, Univer
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Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
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Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
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________. The World and the West: T
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Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
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Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
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Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
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Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
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Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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