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judiciary, and the Catholic Church, 66 which desired freedom of religion and education, coalesced into one party. In August of 1830, a minor incident at a Brussels opera performance rode a rising wave of discontent across Belgium, which culminated in an uprising in Brussels and the eventual expulsion of Dutch troops in September. The defeat of Dutch troops caused the local movement to blossom into a full scale revolution. Independence was declared on October 4, 1830. William did not quietly accept the severance of his kingdom. He immediately appealed to the members of the Quadruple Alliance for help. The Alliance convened the Conference of London on December 1830. The result was certainly not to William’s liking. The conference arranged an armistice but then turned around and declared Belgium a free nation. 67 To the surprise of no one, William was furious and reacted by invading Belgium on August 2, 1831. Simultaneously, having opted for a constitutional monarchy, Belgium chose Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha as its king. He accepted the crown on June 26, 1831 and was immediately called upon to defend the nation which he and the small Belgian army were incapable of achieving. France and England immediately reacted. France sent a forty thousand-man army and England dispatched her fleet. William backed down, but not willingly. For the next eight years the two countries met mostly on the diplomatic battlefield. The final treaty 66 The Catholic Church under the conservative pope Gregory XVI (1831-46) took a very strong anti modernist view and the Belgian Catholic Church, in line with this attitude, would not tolerate its loss of the school system or deemed equality with any Protestant Church. 67 Lord Palmerston’s fear was that a weak or disruptive union of Belgium and the Netherlands would eventually invite French interference. French resurgence was his primary fear and its prevention the cornerstone of his foreign policy. Herbert 1:228-30. 39
that settled and secured Belgian independence was not signed until 1839. Belgium was then a fait accompli. From 1839 through 1848 Belgium and her king, Leopold I, began to reflect the stated purpose of its creation, its position as a neutral in European politics. 68 After 1848 and continuing until Leopold’s death in December 1865, the country generally prospered and became an accepted power in terms of international prestige while increasing its position as a neutral between the major powers of nineteenth century Europe. The question, especially for Leopold, was whether a real nation in nineteenth century Europe could exist without an empire. Belgium now had a constitution, a king, a legislature, and a judiciary but not the sovereign, its elected representatives, or the government ministers had any experience or guidance in these early decades. Belgium was a work in progress. By far, however, the forceful and aggressive leadership of Leopold I was the predominant force behind Belgium’s early government, especially in the area of international affairs. Was this consistent with the idea behind the constitution of 1831? It is difficult, looking at 1831, to know what the thoughts of the constitutional representatives were, especially relative to imperialism and colonies. The record is silent. The Belgian Constitution of 1831 69 created a constitutional monarchy with a ministerial or cabinet style structure that specifically included ministerial responsibility 68 A reference to Nestor of the Iliad, portrayed by Homer as an “Elder Statesman”. Leopold was given this informal title as a result of his role as a neutral, in the internal affairs of Europe. See Egon C. Corti, Leopold I of Belgium - Secret Pages of European History, trans. Joseph McCabe (London: Unwin Brothers, Ltd., 1923). 69 Amos Jenkins Peaslee and Dorothy Peaslee Xydis, Constitutions of Nations, Dorothy Peaslee Xydis, ed., rev. 3 40 rd edit. (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1965), 72-92.
Page 1 and 2: EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
Page 5 and 6: Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
Page 7 and 8: even during tax season. Some things
Page 9 and 10: truths that merit, no demand, their
Page 11 and 12: TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
Page 15 and 16: we are to understand the non-Wester
Page 17 and 18: insight into the nature of Belgian
Page 19 and 20: ackground, demand, or other compell
Page 21 and 22: Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
Page 23 and 24: oth the original script document an
Page 25 and 26: man many consider the most influent
Page 27 and 28: Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
Page 29 and 30: Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
Page 33 and 34: more difficult issues of a study of
Page 35 and 36: Johnson. This was the same whether
Page 37 and 38: imperialism were generally thought
Page 39 and 40: of iron into steel; and massive cor
Page 41 and 42: in the overcrowded cities and facto
Page 43 and 44: cultural superiority, along with th
Page 45 and 46: Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
Page 47 and 48: asis of wealth, now gave way to the
Page 49 and 50: What did Belgium look like in the p
Page 51: ecstatic; his kingdom would double
Page 55 and 56: of the monarchy under the protestan
Page 57 and 58: Given the limitations and inherent
Page 59 and 60: As the members of the chambers bega
Page 61 and 62: markets and there was a series of d
Page 63 and 64: government. Leopold’s position as
Page 65 and 66: Leopold made a great effort to incr
Page 67 and 68: connection to soften his opposition
Page 69 and 70: that the potential for harm from Le
Page 71 and 72: modern states of Thuringia and Bava
Page 73 and 74: During this first period, from his
Page 75 and 76: first, but the time will come when
Page 77 and 78: After the diplomatic battles in 184
Page 79 and 80: continuing through the end of the 1
Page 81 and 82: Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
Page 83 and 84: ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
Page 85 and 86: pledged his loyalty for life to the
Page 87 and 88: control or domination of one nation
Page 89 and 90: minister (probably)? Did it reach t
Page 91 and 92: information, however, to allow a di
Page 93 and 94: with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
Page 95 and 96: time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
Page 97 and 98: Specifically in his letter of Febru
Page 99 and 100: something of a disadvantage in view
Page 101 and 102: announcement of the boat for New Or
Page 103 and 104:
location, as those the Republic had
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advertisement rates, and the availa
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in cotton, but also including major
Page 109 and 110:
political instability evidenced by
Page 111 and 112:
Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
Page 113 and 114:
seeking a commercial treaty and loa
Page 115 and 116:
Leopold was either reacting to the
Page 117 and 118:
further than it did. 210 The much l
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Similarly, there was no religious f
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CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
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In the late 1830s, as a result of i
Page 125 and 126:
an English company, and others may
Page 127 and 128:
4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
Page 129 and 130:
4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
Page 131 and 132:
The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
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health and climate issues, but rath
Page 135 and 136:
Finally shaken out of its complacen
Page 137 and 138:
It may seem strange to ask why Sant
Page 139 and 140:
a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
Page 141 and 142:
1854, verified the absolute foolish
Page 143 and 144:
expand them. There was a strong cal
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position. 274 Simultaneously with t
Page 147 and 148:
withdraw as an active political lea
Page 149 and 150:
Early maps had been somewhat genera
Page 151 and 152:
CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
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Van Lede’s initial contact with t
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equirement for minimum capitalizati
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were not in the Company’s name bu
Page 159 and 160:
Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
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have much broader support in the ch
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outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
Page 165 and 166:
A more interesting aspect of any at
Page 167 and 168:
5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
Page 169 and 170:
CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
Page 171 and 172:
A general consensus among historian
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Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
Page 175 and 176:
These main two ethnic groups, the L
Page 177 and 178:
Cohen was also in the forefront of
Page 179 and 180:
several changes to its contents, va
Page 181 and 182:
the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
Page 183 and 184:
Belgian navy. A total of three diff
Page 185 and 186:
Durant observed that it was the dri
Page 187 and 188:
The third trip to the Nunez took pl
Page 189 and 190:
There is no way to know if Leopold
Page 191 and 192:
minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
Page 193 and 194:
Rogier to relocate funds and make t
Page 195 and 196:
As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
Page 197 and 198:
the cessation of the yearly appeara
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vessels is highly commendable. The
Page 201 and 202:
observations, the primitive medicin
Page 203 and 204:
6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
Page 205 and 206:
The examination of the four colonia
Page 207 and 208:
Britain he had always envisioned be
Page 209 and 210:
attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
Page 211 and 212:
to deal with a constant stream of p
Page 213 and 214:
The Belgian people responded to the
Page 215 and 216:
almost impossible for a white man t
Page 217 and 218:
We are told that the personal relat
Page 219 and 220:
Texas would not have met criteria n
Page 221 and 222:
historiography is lagging behind. T
Page 223 and 224:
Center for American History, Univer
Page 225 and 226:
Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
Page 227 and 228:
Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
Page 229 and 230:
________. The World and the West: T
Page 231 and 232:
Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
Page 233 and 234:
Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
Page 235 and 236:
Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
Page 237 and 238:
Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
Page 239 and 240:
Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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