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usiness sector was shortsighted and greedy, and the people only questionably motivated, what pushed Belgium into the colonial world? Was there any focused, thoughtful analysis given to the reality of Belgium and the quest for colonies? In 1841, a minor official in the Belgian embassy in London, Charles Drouet, prepared a logical analysis of colonialism, its relevance to Belgium, and how the nation might analyze any opportunities that presented themselves. His analysis 137 (paraphrased) was as follows: 1. When and how is a colony useful? 2. When and how is a useful colony more of a burden than it is worth? 3. Is Belgium in a position to undertake colonial development? 4. What is the best colonial system? 5. If all of the above questions are answered satisfactorily, where do you find a suitable area? 138 This is a truly systematic and analytical way to look at the question of whether, if, and how to undertake Belgian colonialism. Was it used, and if so, by whom? The document itself appears to have been conceived by Drouet on his own but with the knowledge of the foreign office. Did it ever influence Belgian development? Given the way colonization was undertaken, it does not appear that it did. Did it reach the foreign 136 All the Belgian colonial attempts seem to have been colonial adventures in the mind of all but Leopold and a few of his associates. 137 “De l’importance du commerce extérieur en général et de sa situation en Belgique.” AMAE 2040. 138 AMAE 2040. For an in depth discussion of Drouets analysis see L. Greindl, "Les Possibilités De La Belgique De Léopold I 75 er Comme Puissance Coloniale (D'après un document de 1841)," L'Expansion belge sous Léopold 1er, 1831-1865; recueil d'études. De Belgische expansie onder Leopold I, 1831-1865; verzameling studies, (1965). 180-198.
minister (probably)? Did it reach the king (probably not)? 139 There was a great deal of confusion and lack of clarity, not to mention disinterest, in terms of governmental oversight over these colonial adventures. This may account for the likelihood that the document was read at the ministry but promptly ignored. There seems to be very little indication that Leopold ever saw it, as he would have probably used its logic and method to push for colonial efforts. He certainly does not seem to have done this. It was an opportunity that, properly used, could have changed the outcome. It was probably simply ignored and filed in the foreign office as the unsolicited work of a junior diplomat. author. 139 Leopold never articulated any organized plan for colonization in any work reviewed by this 76
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
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ackground, demand, or other compell
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Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
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oth the original script document an
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man many consider the most influent
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Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
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Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
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CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
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more difficult issues of a study of
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Johnson. This was the same whether
Page 37 and 38: imperialism were generally thought
Page 39 and 40: of iron into steel; and massive cor
Page 41 and 42: in the overcrowded cities and facto
Page 43 and 44: cultural superiority, along with th
Page 45 and 46: Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
Page 47 and 48: asis of wealth, now gave way to the
Page 49 and 50: What did Belgium look like in the p
Page 51 and 52: ecstatic; his kingdom would double
Page 53 and 54: that settled and secured Belgian in
Page 55 and 56: of the monarchy under the protestan
Page 57 and 58: Given the limitations and inherent
Page 59 and 60: As the members of the chambers bega
Page 61 and 62: markets and there was a series of d
Page 63 and 64: government. Leopold’s position as
Page 65 and 66: Leopold made a great effort to incr
Page 67 and 68: connection to soften his opposition
Page 69 and 70: that the potential for harm from Le
Page 71 and 72: modern states of Thuringia and Bava
Page 73 and 74: During this first period, from his
Page 75 and 76: first, but the time will come when
Page 77 and 78: After the diplomatic battles in 184
Page 79 and 80: continuing through the end of the 1
Page 81 and 82: Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
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Page 85 and 86: pledged his loyalty for life to the
Page 87: control or domination of one nation
Page 91 and 92: information, however, to allow a di
Page 93 and 94: with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
Page 95 and 96: time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
Page 97 and 98: Specifically in his letter of Febru
Page 99 and 100: something of a disadvantage in view
Page 101 and 102: announcement of the boat for New Or
Page 103 and 104: location, as those the Republic had
Page 105 and 106: advertisement rates, and the availa
Page 107 and 108: in cotton, but also including major
Page 109 and 110: political instability evidenced by
Page 111 and 112: Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
Page 113 and 114: seeking a commercial treaty and loa
Page 115 and 116: Leopold was either reacting to the
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Page 119 and 120: Similarly, there was no religious f
Page 121 and 122: CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
Page 123 and 124: In the late 1830s, as a result of i
Page 125 and 126: an English company, and others may
Page 127 and 128: 4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
Page 129 and 130: 4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
Page 131 and 132: The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
Page 133 and 134: health and climate issues, but rath
Page 135 and 136: Finally shaken out of its complacen
Page 137 and 138: It may seem strange to ask why Sant
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a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
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1854, verified the absolute foolish
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expand them. There was a strong cal
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position. 274 Simultaneously with t
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withdraw as an active political lea
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Early maps had been somewhat genera
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CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
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Van Lede’s initial contact with t
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equirement for minimum capitalizati
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were not in the Company’s name bu
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Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
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have much broader support in the ch
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outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
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A more interesting aspect of any at
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5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
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CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
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A general consensus among historian
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Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
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These main two ethnic groups, the L
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Cohen was also in the forefront of
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several changes to its contents, va
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the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
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Belgian navy. A total of three diff
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Durant observed that it was the dri
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The third trip to the Nunez took pl
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There is no way to know if Leopold
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minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
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Rogier to relocate funds and make t
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As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
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the cessation of the yearly appeara
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vessels is highly commendable. The
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observations, the primitive medicin
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6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
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The examination of the four colonia
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Britain he had always envisioned be
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attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
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to deal with a constant stream of p
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The Belgian people responded to the
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almost impossible for a white man t
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We are told that the personal relat
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Texas would not have met criteria n
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historiography is lagging behind. T
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Center for American History, Univer
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Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
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Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
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________. The World and the West: T
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Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
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Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
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Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
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Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
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Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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