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life. They will not be addressed here because of the wide dispersal of their records and a desire to limit the scope of this work. The intent, then, is to give a brief overview of these individuals and their possible interrelationships and effects on Belgian colonial policy. When Leopold Georges Chrétien Frédéric, youngest son of Duke Francis Frederick of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfield (later Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) was crowned Leopold I, King of the Belgians on June 26, 1831, it was in many ways a path well trod. The initial offer of the Belgians was to the Duc de Nemours, son of the French king Louis- Philippe, but Palmerston, British Foreign Minister, ever vigilant regarding a resurgent France, threatened war. The Napoleonic wars may have become a distant memory to the Belgians, but not to the British. The political interrelationship between the related crowns of Britain and Belgium continued to define and determine their foreign policy well into the twentieth century. The next and future king, Leopold of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha, the recent rejecter of the Greek crown, a king in search of a kingdom, was something of a monarch on the loose, but most importantly he was a man known to Britain, Palmerston, and the royal family. Leopold’s path to the kingship was a tortuous one and certainly not one that would have been predicable at his birth as the youngest son of a minor German duke. Leopold was born on December 16, 1790, the youngest son of Francis Frédéric of Saxe- Coburg-Saalfield, duke of a minor German duchy 105 located in central Germany in the assumed that any correspondence will be found, if indeed it exists, in the correspondence between Leopold and Van Weyer, his ambassador in London. 105 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha consisted of approximately nine hundred fifty square miles. 57
modern states of Thuringia and Bavaria. The exchange of Saalfield for Gotha in 1826 produced the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Leopold advanced rapidly in the fluid situation of the Napoleonic period, rising from colonel to field marshal by the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 at age twenty five. Leopold’s path to the throne of Belgium began with his introduction, and eventual marriage on May 2, 1816, to Princess Charlotte Augusta, the only legitimate heiress to the future George IV of England. He stood, behind his new wife, as the potential prince consort of the head of the greatest empire on earth. The death of the princess on November 6, 1817 as a result of the birth of their stillborn son ended the first of three paths to royalty behind or on the throne. Upon his move to England as part of his then impending marriage, Leopold had brought with him Christian Friedrich von Stockmar (later Baron von Stockmar) as his physician. As a physician to the husband of the princess, Stockmar had been in attendance at her death and was a source of deep consolation to the grief-stricken Leopold. Upon the princess’s death, Stockmar, after pledging his eternal loyalty to Leopold, convinced him to remain in England for a period of almost thirteen years. 106 In 1818 Leopold attended the wedding of his sister, Princess Victoria, to the Duke of Kent, next in line for the crown of England. Their daughter, Alexandrina Victoria, who became Queen Victoria, was born on May 24, 1819. “My dearest uncle,” as she referred to him, would remain a powerful, if not always successful, influence on the young and future queen. 58
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
Page 19 and 20: ackground, demand, or other compell
Page 21 and 22: Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
Page 23 and 24: oth the original script document an
Page 25 and 26: man many consider the most influent
Page 27 and 28: Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
Page 29 and 30: Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
Page 33 and 34: more difficult issues of a study of
Page 35 and 36: Johnson. This was the same whether
Page 37 and 38: imperialism were generally thought
Page 39 and 40: of iron into steel; and massive cor
Page 41 and 42: in the overcrowded cities and facto
Page 43 and 44: cultural superiority, along with th
Page 45 and 46: Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
Page 47 and 48: asis of wealth, now gave way to the
Page 49 and 50: What did Belgium look like in the p
Page 51 and 52: ecstatic; his kingdom would double
Page 53 and 54: that settled and secured Belgian in
Page 55 and 56: of the monarchy under the protestan
Page 57 and 58: Given the limitations and inherent
Page 59 and 60: As the members of the chambers bega
Page 61 and 62: markets and there was a series of d
Page 63 and 64: government. Leopold’s position as
Page 65 and 66: Leopold made a great effort to incr
Page 67 and 68: connection to soften his opposition
Page 69: that the potential for harm from Le
Page 73 and 74: During this first period, from his
Page 75 and 76: first, but the time will come when
Page 77 and 78: After the diplomatic battles in 184
Page 79 and 80: continuing through the end of the 1
Page 81 and 82: Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
Page 83 and 84: ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
Page 85 and 86: pledged his loyalty for life to the
Page 87 and 88: control or domination of one nation
Page 89 and 90: minister (probably)? Did it reach t
Page 91 and 92: information, however, to allow a di
Page 93 and 94: with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
Page 95 and 96: time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
Page 97 and 98: Specifically in his letter of Febru
Page 99 and 100: something of a disadvantage in view
Page 101 and 102: announcement of the boat for New Or
Page 103 and 104: location, as those the Republic had
Page 105 and 106: advertisement rates, and the availa
Page 107 and 108: in cotton, but also including major
Page 109 and 110: political instability evidenced by
Page 111 and 112: Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
Page 113 and 114: seeking a commercial treaty and loa
Page 115 and 116: Leopold was either reacting to the
Page 117 and 118: further than it did. 210 The much l
Page 119 and 120: Similarly, there was no religious f
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CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
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In the late 1830s, as a result of i
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an English company, and others may
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4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
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4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
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The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
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health and climate issues, but rath
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Finally shaken out of its complacen
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It may seem strange to ask why Sant
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a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
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1854, verified the absolute foolish
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expand them. There was a strong cal
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position. 274 Simultaneously with t
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withdraw as an active political lea
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Early maps had been somewhat genera
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CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
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Van Lede’s initial contact with t
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equirement for minimum capitalizati
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were not in the Company’s name bu
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Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
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have much broader support in the ch
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outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
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A more interesting aspect of any at
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5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
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CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
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A general consensus among historian
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Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
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These main two ethnic groups, the L
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Cohen was also in the forefront of
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several changes to its contents, va
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the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
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Belgian navy. A total of three diff
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Durant observed that it was the dri
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The third trip to the Nunez took pl
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There is no way to know if Leopold
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minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
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Rogier to relocate funds and make t
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As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
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the cessation of the yearly appeara
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vessels is highly commendable. The
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observations, the primitive medicin
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6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
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The examination of the four colonia
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Britain he had always envisioned be
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attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
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to deal with a constant stream of p
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The Belgian people responded to the
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almost impossible for a white man t
Page 217 and 218:
We are told that the personal relat
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Texas would not have met criteria n
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historiography is lagging behind. T
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Center for American History, Univer
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Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
Page 227 and 228:
Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
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________. The World and the West: T
Page 231 and 232:
Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
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Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
Page 235 and 236:
Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
Page 237 and 238:
Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
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Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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