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6.1 Map of Rio Nunez some indication that there was a plan to involve Belgium in the trade of the Rio Nunez and if possible search for colonial concessions. 357 Van Haverbeke’s orders did not grant him any authority to execute any military, economic, or political treaty. Upon his return, however, he was able to produce the treaty he had concluded with the Nalu chief, Lamina. The treaty granted Belgium land along the banks of the Rio Nunez for approximately ten miles on either side. Belgium had now received two opportunities within two years! This time it looked as if the imperialistic aspirations of Leopold would finally be realized. The treaty was reviewed and approved by Leopold. After 357 D’Hoffschmidt to van Haverbeke. January 1848. Braithwaite, 147. 165
several changes to its contents, van Haverbeke was sent back by the government to the Rio Nunez to complete the treaty. Upon van Haverbeke’s return to the Nunez for the second time with the amended treaty, he found a very a different and fluid situation. There had been another change in leadership and an extremely complicated local situation had evolved between Mayoré, Tongo and the French and British traders. It was this second trip of 1848 by van Haverbeke that resulted in the famous battle of Boké, 358 an almost legendary encounter between what was, in effect, half the Belgian navy, two French naval vessels, and the natives of Rio Nunez. 359 The battle of Boké and its outcome have been immortalized in many Belgian paintings and representations. The battle itself was actually quite limited and lasted perhaps two days. The casualties on the Belgian side were two dead and perhaps a score wounded plus additional casualties among the French contingent. There were probably more casualties on the native side but no record exists of their numbers. After several days and a series of attacks by superior Belgian and French combatants, the attack failed. The combined force had been unable to take their objective, the town of Boké. A meeting was held between the combatants, representatives of the Landuman and Nalu and the Futa-Djalon state. As a result of that meeting Belgium received on April 5, 1849 a different treaty, which added certain land for a factory and other terms in addition to 358 The battle was not inevitable. Mayoré tried to stop the battle before it occurred claiming it was really not a concern of either the French or Belgians” “I do not see what reason you have got to send me such a letter as I have today got from you I have never troubled you or your People and I hope you will never not trouble me any more.” Mayoré to the French and Belgian captains, 15 March 1849. AMAE 2024. 359 March 22-24, 1849. The most in-depth description is in Braithwaite, 102-39. 166
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
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ackground, demand, or other compell
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Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
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oth the original script document an
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man many consider the most influent
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Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
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Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
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CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
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more difficult issues of a study of
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Johnson. This was the same whether
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imperialism were generally thought
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of iron into steel; and massive cor
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in the overcrowded cities and facto
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cultural superiority, along with th
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Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
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asis of wealth, now gave way to the
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What did Belgium look like in the p
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ecstatic; his kingdom would double
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that settled and secured Belgian in
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of the monarchy under the protestan
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Given the limitations and inherent
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As the members of the chambers bega
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markets and there was a series of d
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government. Leopold’s position as
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Leopold made a great effort to incr
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connection to soften his opposition
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that the potential for harm from Le
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modern states of Thuringia and Bava
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During this first period, from his
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first, but the time will come when
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After the diplomatic battles in 184
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continuing through the end of the 1
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Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
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ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
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pledged his loyalty for life to the
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control or domination of one nation
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minister (probably)? Did it reach t
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information, however, to allow a di
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with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
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time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
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Specifically in his letter of Febru
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something of a disadvantage in view
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announcement of the boat for New Or
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location, as those the Republic had
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advertisement rates, and the availa
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in cotton, but also including major
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political instability evidenced by
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Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
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seeking a commercial treaty and loa
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Leopold was either reacting to the
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further than it did. 210 The much l
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Similarly, there was no religious f
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CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
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In the late 1830s, as a result of i
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an English company, and others may
Page 127 and 128: 4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
Page 129 and 130: 4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
Page 131 and 132: The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
Page 133 and 134: health and climate issues, but rath
Page 135 and 136: Finally shaken out of its complacen
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Page 145 and 146: position. 274 Simultaneously with t
Page 147 and 148: withdraw as an active political lea
Page 149 and 150: Early maps had been somewhat genera
Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
Page 153 and 154: Van Lede’s initial contact with t
Page 155 and 156: equirement for minimum capitalizati
Page 157 and 158: were not in the Company’s name bu
Page 159 and 160: Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
Page 161 and 162: have much broader support in the ch
Page 163 and 164: outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
Page 165 and 166: A more interesting aspect of any at
Page 167 and 168: 5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
Page 171 and 172: A general consensus among historian
Page 173 and 174: Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
Page 175 and 176: These main two ethnic groups, the L
Page 177: Cohen was also in the forefront of
Page 181 and 182: the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
Page 183 and 184: Belgian navy. A total of three diff
Page 185 and 186: Durant observed that it was the dri
Page 187 and 188: The third trip to the Nunez took pl
Page 189 and 190: There is no way to know if Leopold
Page 191 and 192: minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
Page 193 and 194: Rogier to relocate funds and make t
Page 195 and 196: As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
Page 197 and 198: the cessation of the yearly appeara
Page 199 and 200: vessels is highly commendable. The
Page 201 and 202: observations, the primitive medicin
Page 203 and 204: 6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
Page 205 and 206: The examination of the four colonia
Page 207 and 208: Britain he had always envisioned be
Page 209 and 210: attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
Page 211 and 212: to deal with a constant stream of p
Page 213 and 214: The Belgian people responded to the
Page 215 and 216: almost impossible for a white man t
Page 217 and 218: We are told that the personal relat
Page 219 and 220: Texas would not have met criteria n
Page 221 and 222: historiography is lagging behind. T
Page 223 and 224: Center for American History, Univer
Page 225 and 226: Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
Page 227 and 228: Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
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________. The World and the West: T
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Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
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Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
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Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
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Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
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Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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