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mistress could not replace. 382 Although she was aware of the affair, the queen actually blamed herself for Leopold’s transgressions. 383 Leopold’s mind may simply not have been on colonies on the Rio Nunez. Rio Nunez appears to have required too personal effort and commitment from a king who began to choose his fights more carefully. 384 Later during the Rio Nunez crisis he became involved in the preliminaries of the Crimean War that not only distracted him on a national level but threatened the reputation of both himself and Victoria’s husband Albert, his nephew. The continuing fear of the English people of this outside influence provoked a strong reaction by Leopold 385 over their supposed German influence over Queen Victoria, but also further damaged his reputation. The quest for Rio Nunez does show that the cabinet was beginning to take a stronger, more aggressive role in government. D’Hoffschmidt’s agreement with Charles 381 He had shown his ability to view the broader picture before in the decision to abandon the Texas colonial effort. 382 “She had failed to judge her public. Louise had won the gratitude and affection of Belgium by her quiet nobility her gentle charity; and her personal misfortunes had only increased the people's devotion.” Richardson, 182. 383 “What more could I ask on earth than to be your friend, to be your only friend? All my happiness I owe to you all that is lacking from my happiness is my fault, alone, and I blame only myself for all that troubles me. If I am no longer young, if I have none of the gifts or graces that might have made your home a happy one, if I have been unable to bring any pleasure to your life, I must attribute it to my ill fortune. And so, if I cannot but regret, I only regret what I cannot do for you. It has been the thorn in my happiness that I could not help you; but alas, the feeling of all that is lacking in me, of all that has been wanting, and will always be wanting only increases my adoration and gratitude.” Louise Marie to Leopold, 1849, Ibid., 181. 384 “Leopold was forced to admit his failure. He had been powerless to prevent the war, unable to fight in it, he had naturally been excluded from the peace conference. Young men with young ideas were coming on the scene and taking power from a king grown old.” Ibid., 192. 385 “…abuse is somewhat the staff of life in England everything, everybody is to be abused; it is a pity, as nothing more unproductive as this everlasting abuse can be imagined. As nothing ever gave the slightest opening to this abuse, it is hoped that it will be soon got over the meeting of Parliament will now do good in this respect. As far as your few continental relatives are concerned, I don’t think they will be able to fix anything upon your faithful servant. I have done in England at all times good services…. Successes of vanity, I am never fishing for in England, nor anywhere else. The only influence I may 179
Rogier to relocate funds and make them available for this project was a far more aggressive stance than the cabinet had taken before. Additionally, the breakup of the union party which began after 1842, and was completed by the 1850 election, gave the government a more radical shift as the Catholic Party and the Liberal Party took increasingly more strident positions as each rotated in and out of office. The advantage the cabinet had enjoyed up to this point was that the powers listed in the constitution had not been fixed. With the increasing acrimony in the chambers, the cabinet, seemingly reflecting Leopold’s views at least on colonial expansion, was willing to risk a somewhat questionable transfer. This seemed reasonable because Rio Nunez was at least backed by current Belgian commercial activity that was profitable, and there had been not one but two treaties, one of which was legitimate on its face giving a legal basis for Belgian colonial claims. The scrutiny received as a result of the battle of Boké and the treaty, and the poor way it was handled by the cabinet, however, seems to have emboldened the chambers in face of Leopold’s previous and continuing disaster in Santo Tomas. 386 The breakup of the union party was in effect the end of the Belgian honeymoon. The actions exercise is to prevent mischief where I can, which occasionally succeeds: if war can be avoided, and the same ends obtained, it is natural that they should be tried first…” Leopold to Victoria, Pollman, 212. 386 A member of the chambers remarked in 1848 upon the terms of the treaty, “It appears that the Government decided to make the acquirement of a land situated on the western coast of Africa, to the 15° degree that is under tropics. I will so really ask one has the intention to send unhappy Belgians to look for the death on this pestilential”, “Il paraît que le Gouvernement s'est décidé à faire l'acquisition d'un terrain situé sur la côte occidentale d'Afrique, au 15° degré c'est-à-dire sous les tropiques. Je demanderai si réellement on a l'intention d'envoyer de malheureux Belges chercher la mort sur cette terre pestilentielle.” Demougeot. 180
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EARLY BELGIAN COLONIAL EFFORTS: THE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Acknowledgements m
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Archive at Windsor proved to be suc
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even during tax season. Some things
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truths that merit, no demand, their
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AMAE Archives
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we are to understand the non-Wester
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insight into the nature of Belgian
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ackground, demand, or other compell
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Santa Catarina in Brazil is a signi
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oth the original script document an
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man many consider the most influent
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Palmerston are nonexistent. Lastly,
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Nunez Affair; Competition, Diplomac
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CHAPTER 2 BELGIUM AND NINETEENTH CE
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more difficult issues of a study of
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Johnson. This was the same whether
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imperialism were generally thought
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of iron into steel; and massive cor
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in the overcrowded cities and facto
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cultural superiority, along with th
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Sahara Desert was simply the “Dar
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asis of wealth, now gave way to the
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What did Belgium look like in the p
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ecstatic; his kingdom would double
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that settled and secured Belgian in
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of the monarchy under the protestan
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Given the limitations and inherent
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As the members of the chambers bega
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markets and there was a series of d
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government. Leopold’s position as
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Leopold made a great effort to incr
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connection to soften his opposition
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that the potential for harm from Le
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modern states of Thuringia and Bava
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During this first period, from his
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first, but the time will come when
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After the diplomatic battles in 184
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continuing through the end of the 1
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Henry John Temple, the third Viscou
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ellicose, and sometimes treasonous.
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pledged his loyalty for life to the
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control or domination of one nation
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minister (probably)? Did it reach t
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information, however, to allow a di
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with Belgium, Hamilton was successf
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time, Pirson traveled to Galveston,
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Specifically in his letter of Febru
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something of a disadvantage in view
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announcement of the boat for New Or
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location, as those the Republic had
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advertisement rates, and the availa
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in cotton, but also including major
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political instability evidenced by
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Secondly, it is surprising that Pir
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seeking a commercial treaty and loa
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Leopold was either reacting to the
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further than it did. 210 The much l
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Similarly, there was no religious f
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CHAPTER 4 SANTO TOMAS 214 The colon
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In the late 1830s, as a result of i
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an English company, and others may
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4.1 Illustration of Guatemala City
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4.2 Illustration of Santo Tomas gov
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The second report, by Dr. Dechange,
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health and climate issues, but rath
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Finally shaken out of its complacen
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It may seem strange to ask why Sant
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a new treaty with Guatemala. Blonde
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Page 145 and 146: position. 274 Simultaneously with t
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Page 149 and 150: Early maps had been somewhat genera
Page 151 and 152: CHAPTER 5 SANTA CATARINA The Belgia
Page 153 and 154: Van Lede’s initial contact with t
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Page 157 and 158: were not in the Company’s name bu
Page 159 and 160: Under Fontaine the colony deteriora
Page 161 and 162: have much broader support in the ch
Page 163 and 164: outcasts and convicts. 315 What is
Page 165 and 166: A more interesting aspect of any at
Page 167 and 168: 5.1 Map of Santa Catarina Province
Page 169 and 170: CHAPTER 6 RIO NUNEZ Any discussion
Page 171 and 172: A general consensus among historian
Page 173 and 174: Van Haverbeke’s voyage which bega
Page 175 and 176: These main two ethnic groups, the L
Page 177 and 178: Cohen was also in the forefront of
Page 179 and 180: several changes to its contents, va
Page 181 and 182: the treaty, thus ending the Belgian
Page 183 and 184: Belgian navy. A total of three diff
Page 185 and 186: Durant observed that it was the dri
Page 187 and 188: The third trip to the Nunez took pl
Page 189 and 190: There is no way to know if Leopold
Page 191: minister Otto von Bismarck. It also
Page 195 and 196: As was the case with Santo Tomas, t
Page 197 and 198: the cessation of the yearly appeara
Page 199 and 200: vessels is highly commendable. The
Page 201 and 202: observations, the primitive medicin
Page 203 and 204: 6.3 Boké Sketch 399 This was a ske
Page 205 and 206: The examination of the four colonia
Page 207 and 208: Britain he had always envisioned be
Page 209 and 210: attempt in Rio Nunez are good examp
Page 211 and 212: to deal with a constant stream of p
Page 213 and 214: The Belgian people responded to the
Page 215 and 216: almost impossible for a white man t
Page 217 and 218: We are told that the personal relat
Page 219 and 220: Texas would not have met criteria n
Page 221 and 222: historiography is lagging behind. T
Page 223 and 224: Center for American History, Univer
Page 225 and 226: Lede, Charles Maximilien Louis van.
Page 227 and 228: Bayly, C. A. The Birth of the Moder
Page 229 and 230: ________. The World and the West: T
Page 231 and 232: Feys, Torsten. "The Emigration Poli
Page 233 and 234: Janssens, G., and Jean Stengers. No
Page 235 and 236: Maselis, Patrick. From the Azores t
Page 237 and 238: Richardson, Joanna. My Dearest Uncl
Page 239 and 240: Watelet, Marcel. Cartographie et po
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