Western Ghats Kokum Foundation - Organic Farming Association of ...

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2) Mammee Apple A subglobular, brownish-yellow fruit, about the size of a large orange, the pulp of which is yellow and aromatic, and the rind coriaceous and bitter. The seeds are 3 or 4 and rough. It is the product of the West Indian Mammea americana, Linne, Nat. Ord.—Guttiferae. Another fruit is also known in the West Indies as mammee. It is the rustybrown, oblong-ovoid berry of Lucuma mammosa, Jussieu, of the Nat. Ord.—Sapotaceae. It has one large polished seed of a yellow-brown color. The pulp of the fruit is sweet and mucilaginous, and of a yellowish or reddish color. Garcinia Morella The trees are seen on the banks of rivers and resemble kodampuli but the fruits are small and smooth. This tree is the original source of gamboges used in medicine. The tree is distributed in the Western Ghats, Assam and Khasi Hills. The gamboges have astringent, tonic aphrodisiac, antibacterial, verminfuge, amenorrhoea, and antibacterial properties. This species is graft compatible to kodampuli. Garcinia xanthochymus Hook The tree is quite common in the Western Ghats, lower Hills of Eastern Himalayas and Andamans. In Kerala, it is called 'Anavaya' meaning 'elephant mouth'. The children relish the fruits. A shade loving tree preferring cool, humid or moist areas. It has large oblong leaves that are smooth. The yellow fruit is used for preparation of jams, and preserves and as a substitute for tamarind. The gamboge obtained from the bark is inferior. Exudates from bark and fruit are used as dye. It is not graft compatible with kodampuli or mangosteen in the long run. Garcinia parvifolia Mangosteen {Garcinia mangostana) is known throughout the world. However, in the hills of Brunei Darussalam, other Garcinia species, relatively unknown outside Brunei, thrive. Asam aur aur (G. parvifolia) is highly revered by Bruneians. The juicy, tart yet sweet white pulp has long persistence on the palate. The attractive crimson fruit wall is usually dried and used as sour relish in curries and other culinary dishes requiring acidulous base. The demand for this fruit and the dried product is seemingly unsatiable. Fruits are produced from scattered trees in the backyards and ‘pulau buah'. With strong demand and inconsistent supply, there is good potential for cultivation of asam aur aur. Trees are adapted to a wide range of soils, but prefer well-drained alluvial soils. Healthy trees can come into production within 4 years from seeds. With such high demand, there is good potential for large-scale production to meet fresh fruit demand and possible downstream processing. 127 Resource Book on Kokum (Garcinia indica Choisy) Western Ghats Kokum Foundation, Panaji - Goa
Medicinal Properties of Kokum Antioxidant activity of Garcinia indica (kokum) and its syrup. Akanksha Mishra, Mrinal M. Bapat, Jai C. Tilak and Thomas P. A. Devasagayam Department of Biochemistry, The Institute of Science, Madam Cama Road, Mumbai 400 032, India andRadiation Biology and Health Sciences Division,Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India. Garcinia indica (kokum) is an Indian spice, the fruit rind of which is used in cooking, cosmetics and has several medicinal properties. Its syrup is consumed as a soft drink during summer. We have examined the antioxidant activity of aqueous and boiled extracts corresponding to their use in cooking and home remedies, besides the commercial kokum syrup. The assays employed are ORAC, FRAP, ABTS and the ability to inhibit lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria. Kokam syrup and the two aqueous extracts had significant antioxidant effects in the above assays. They have high ORAC values (29.3, 24.5 and 20.3), higher than those reported for other spices, fruits and vegetables. The high antioxidant activity of kokum adds one more positive attribute to its known medicinal properties and hence its use in cooking, home-remedies and as a soft drink may be promoted. ANTIOXIDANTS are micronutrients that have gained importance in recent years due to their ability to neutralize free radicals or their actions. Free radicals have been implicated in the etiology of several major human ailments, including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neural disorders, diabetes and arthritis. Due to the recent trends in nutrition towards development of healthy foods in the form of ‘functional foods’, one of the desirable properties in a dietary component is considered to be its antioxidant effect Garcinia indica (dried rind known as ‘kokum’) is an Indian spice used in many parts of the country for making several vegetarian and non-vegetarian ‘curry’ preparations, including the popular ‘solkadhi’. The fruits are steeped in sugar syrup to make ‘amrutkokam’, a healthy soft drink to relieve sunstroke, which is popular during summer It is a traditional home remedy in case of flatulence, heat strokes and infections. Many therapeutic effects of the fruit have been described in traditional medicine based on Ayurveda. These include its usefulness as an infusion, in skin ailments such as rashes caused by allergies; treatment of burns, scalds and chaffed skin; to relieve sunstroke; remedy for dysentery and mucous diarrhoea; an appetizer and a good liver tonic; to improve appetite and to allay thirst, as a cardiotonic and for bleeding, piles, dysentery, tumours and heart diseases. One of the ingredients of kokum, hydroxycitric acid (HCA), has been patented for use as an hypocholesterolaemic agent. HCA is a potential anti-obesity agent. It suppresses fatty 128 Resource Book on Kokum (Garcinia indica Choisy) Western Ghats Kokum Foundation, Panaji - Goa
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Western Ghats Kokum Foundation’s
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Western Ghats Kokum Foundation’s
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Index of Contents I. Acknowledgemen
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Acknowledgement We acknowledge with
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Globalisation and Kokum Ajit Shirod
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An Introduction to Kokum Kokum (Gar
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Kokum fruit contains compounds that
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Its rind powder and decoction are u
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An average kokum tree bears hundred
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1st National Seminar on Kokum held
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Prospects on natural diversity in K
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of fruit. During the fruiting seaso
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was 2.39, 3.64 and 5.71 for acids i
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household level has been the tradit
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Composition and Uses of Kokum Due t
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Efforts are being made by ICAR and
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Future Strategies Since Kokum occur
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cultivation. Only agricultural prac
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Status and Prospects of Kokum in Ut
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Table 3: The Legal Classification o
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CONVENTIONAL PROPAGATION OF KOKUM K
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CROP IMPROVEMENT 38 Resource Book o
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strains of Kokum. Genotypes MLDK-5
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) Flowering and Fruiting Pattern i)
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Mango and Kokum are perennial crop
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Present status and future thrust ar
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NEW VARIETIES OF KOKUM Konkan Hatis
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A. Sexual Propagation I) Seed and s
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ii) In-situ grafting In seedling po
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period from flower bud appearance t
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Flowering Patterns in Kokum M. Bask
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TISSUE CULTURE IN KOKUM a b c d e f
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0.89 µm BAP for further elongation
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was observed on half-strength MS me
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POST HARVEST PROCESSING 64 Resource
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MODERN METHOD OF DRYING RIND OF KOK
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traditionally extracted by boiling
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After adding required quantity of s
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considered as a potential replaceme
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Raw Kokum juice extraction After de
Page 81 and 82: Chemical Characteristics of the Fat
Page 83 and 84: Flow sheet 4 Brined Kokum Juice (Ag
Page 85 and 86: COSMETICS MODERN PREPARATIONS FROM
Page 87 and 88: new plant is upwards of 15 crores!
Page 89 and 90: Food Processing - A Growing Busines
Page 91 and 92: PRODUCTION OF MICROENCAPSULATED ANT
Page 93 and 94: Identification, Extraction, Membran
Page 95 and 96: WOW! ‘Wine Of Waste’ tropical f
Page 97 and 98: alternate day. (6) After 21st day,
Page 99 and 100: RIND 42% UTILIZATION OF KOKUM BEVER
Page 101 and 102: anthocyanin and garcinol. An attrac
Page 103 and 104: Kokum sherbet is also added to many
Page 105 and 106: Chabukswar, M.M., Deodhar, M.A. (20
Page 107 and 108: Joshi, G.D. 2005. Traditional metho
Page 109 and 110: Nayak, C.A., Srinivas, P., Rastogi,
Page 111 and 112: Tembe, R.P., Deodhar, M.A. (2011).
Page 113 and 114: E-mails: Editors: Miguel Braganza,
Page 115 and 116: 2. To develop and standardize crop
Page 117 and 118: for coming decade, Graft induced mo
Page 119 and 120: question slip. These were then sort
Page 121 and 122: 3rd National Seminar on Kokum held
Page 123 and 124: 8. All along the Western Ghats stat
Page 125 and 126: The Garcinia species Adapted from :
Page 127 and 128: (HCA), which is the active ingredie
Page 129 and 130: The constituents include—biflavon
Page 131: Action, Medical uses and Dosage The
Page 135 and 136: malondialdehyde equivalents after a
Page 137: Emerging role of Garcinol, the anti
Page 140 and 141: KOKUM FRUIT PROCESSING MACHINES Sie
Page 142 and 143: Other Benefits and Considerations R
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