171. English P, Neutra R, Scalf R, Sullivan M, Waller L, Zhu L. Examining associations between childhood asthma and traffic flow using a geographic information system. Environ Health Perspect 1999; 107: 761-7. 172. D’Amato G. Urban air pollution and plant-derived respiratory allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2000; 30: 628-36. 173. Tuffaha A, Gern JE, Lemanske RF Jr. The role of respiratory viruses in acute and chronic asthma. Clin Chest Med 2000; 21: 289-300. 174. Grunberg K, Timmers MC, de Klerk EP, Dick EC, Sterk PJ. Experimental rhinovirus 16 infection causes variable airway obstruction in subjects with atopic asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1375-80. 175. Johnston SL. The role of viral and atypical bacterial pathogens in asthma pathogenesis. Pediatr Pulmonol Suppl 1999; 18: 141-3. 176. Welliver RC, Wong DT, Sun M, Middleton E Jr, Vaughan RS, Ogra PL. The development of respiratory syncytial virus-specific IgE and the release of histamine in nasopharyngeal secretions after infection. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 841-6. 177. Castleman WL, Sorkness RL, Lemanske RF Jr, McAllister PK. Viral bronchiolitis during early life induces increased numbers of bronchiolar mast cells and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Pathol 1990; 137: 821-31. 178. Clark CJ, Cochrane LM. Physical activity and asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1999; 5: 68-75. 179. Anderson SD. Exercise-induced asthma and the use of hypertonic saline aerosol as a bronchial challenge. Respirology 1996; 1: 175-81. 180. Suman OE, Beck KC, Babcock MA, Pegelow DF, Reddan AW. Airway obstruction during exercise and isocapnic hyperventilation in asthmatic subjects. J Appl Physiol 1999; 87: 1107-13. 181. McFadden ER Jr, Nelson JA, Skowronski ME, Lenner KA. Thermally induced asthma and airway drying. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 221-6. 182. Hackney J, Linn W. Environmental factors: air pollution, weather and noxious gases. In:Weiss EB, Stein M, eds. Bronchial asthma: mechanisms and therapeutics. Boston: Little Brown; 1993. 183. Khot A, Burn R, Evans N, Lenney W, Storr J. Biometeorological triggers in childhood asthma. Allergy 1988; 18: 351-8. 184. Marks GB, Colquhoun JR, Girgis ST, Koski MH, Treloar AB, Hansen P, et al. Thunderstorm outflows preceding epidemics of asthma during spring and summer. Thorax 2001; 56: 468-71. 52 FATTORI DI RISCHIO 185. Linn WS, Gong H Jr. The 21 st century environment and air quality influences on asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1999; 5: 21-6. 186. Levy D, Gent M, Newhouse MT. Relationship between acute respiratory illness and air pollution levels in an industrial city. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977; 116: 167-73. 187. D’Amato G, Liccardi G, D’Amato M. Environmental risk factors (outdoor air pollution and climatic changes) and increased trend of respiratory allergy. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2000; 10: 123-8. 188. Bousquet J. Prevalence of food allergy in asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1992; 3: 206-13. 189. Szczeklik A. The cyclooxygenase theory of aspirininduced asthma. Eur Respir J 1990; 3: 588-93. 190. Cygan J, Trunsky M, Corbridge T. Inhaled heroininduced status asthmaticus: five cases and a review of the literature. Chest 2000; 117: 272-5. 191. Rietveld S, van Beest I, Everaerd W. Stressinduced breathlessness in asthma. Psychol Med 1999; 29: 1359-66. 192. Sandberg S, Paton JY, Ahola S, McCann DC, McGuinness D, Hillary CR, et al. The role of acute and chronic stress in asthma attacks in children. Lancet 2000; 356: 982-7. 193. Lehrer PM, Isenberg S, Hochron SM. Asthma and emotion: a review. J Asthma 1993; 30: 5-21. 194. Nouwen A, Freeston MH, Labbe R, Boulet LP. Psychological factors associated with emergency room visits among asthmatic patients. Behav Modif 1999; 23: 217-33. 195. Rachelefsky GS, Katz RM, Siegel SC. Chronic sinus disease with associated reactive airway disease in children. Pediatrics 1984; 73: 526-9.186. 196. Harding SM, Guzzo MR, Richter JE. The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma patients without reflux symptoms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 34-9. 197. Patterson PE, Harding SM. Gastroesophageal reflux disorders and asthma. Curr Opin Pulm Med 1999; 5: 63-7. 198. Chien S, Mintz S. Pregnancy and menses. In: Weiss EB, Stein M, eds. Bronchial asthma. Mechanisms and therapeutics. Boston: Little Brown; 1993. 199. Barron WM, Leff AR. Asthma in pregnancy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 510-1.
CAPITOLO 4 PATOGENESI DELL’ASMA
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PROGETTO MONDIALE ASMA SETTEMBRE 20
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GLOBAL INITIATIVE FOR AST H M A PRO
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Onno C. P. van Schayck, PhD Maastri
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VI PRESENTAZIONE Il Progetto Mondia
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CAPITOLO 4: PATOGENESI DELL’ASMA
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Altri interventi ..................
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Struttura del Progetto Mondiale Asm
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- Page 83 and 84: 97. Lipscombe RJ, Nakhoul AM, Sande
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prima comparsa dei sintomi dell’a
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Figura 7-1. Misure per la riduzione
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L’eliminazione di cibi non dovreb
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Vie di somministrazione I farmaci p
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Figura. 7-3. Stima delle dosi equip
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• Effetti collaterali: a più alt
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controllato da dosi basse o alte di
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Farmaci sintomatici I farmaci sinto
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In alcuni Paesi i metodi di guarigi
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Figura 7-5. Trattamento quotidiano
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meno efficaci dei glucocorticoidi p
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Riduzione della terapia di mantenim
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maschera facciale può essere richi
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Quando nei bambini si valutano gli
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Glucocorticoidi sistemici • Vie d
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persistente od in aggiunta a basse
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Quindi, sembra che i recettori β-a
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trattamento di fondo in particolare
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necessarie per migliorare temporane
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• riconoscere i segni di aggravam
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Figura 7-11. Trattamento ospedalier
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Glucocorticoidi sistemici I glucoco
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quelli non ventilati: un’ossigena
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Accorgimenti particolari devono ess
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(RX o TC) dei sintomi; i segni clin
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Il ruolo della terapia antivirale n
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BIBLIOGRAFIA 1. Haahtela T, Jarvine
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50. Kulig M, Luck W, Lau S, Niggema
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97. Simons FE. A comparison of becl
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145. Inhaled corticosteroids and se
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190. Kips JC, O’Connor BJ, Inman
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236. Allergic Rhinits and its Impac
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290. Agertoft L, Andersen A, Weibul
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338. Finkelstein JS, Klibanski A, N
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389. Visser MJ, van Aalderen WM, El
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442. Hiller EJ, Milner AD. Betameth
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494. Hultquist C, Lindberg C, Nyber
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547. Gershel JC, Goldman HS, Stein
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598. Kingston HG, Hirshman CA. Peri
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653. Kraft M. The role of bacterial
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L’asma bronchiale è una malattia
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all’insorgenza della patologia, e
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L'edizione originale del GINA Works