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Temanotat Afrika sør for Sahara – om dokumenter og ... - LandInfo

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I en afrikansk sammenheng innebærer dette at statlige institusjoner <strong>og</strong> <strong>for</strong>valtning istor grad blir en fasade <strong>for</strong> et politisk system s<strong>om</strong> fungerer vesens<strong>for</strong>skjellig fra detvi <strong>for</strong>holder oss til i Norge, <strong>og</strong> hvor de s<strong>om</strong> arbeider innen<strong>for</strong> statlig <strong>for</strong>valtning oftehar helt andre mål, motiver <strong>og</strong> prioriteringer <strong>for</strong> arbeidet sitt enn vesteuropeiskebyråkrater. I hele statsapparatet, fra øverst til nederst, blir posisjoner – både s<strong>om</strong>folkevalgt <strong>og</strong> s<strong>om</strong> statsansatt – et middel til å sikre seg <strong>og</strong> sine klienter en andel avstatlige ressurser. Det er viktig å understreke at selv idealistiske personer s<strong>om</strong>kjemper mot disse strukturene i afrikanske land ofte selv blir slukt av detneopatrimonialistiske systemet, <strong>for</strong>di det er uhyre vanskelig å stå i mot press frafamilie, slekt, folk fra hjemstedet <strong>og</strong> personer av samme etniske gruppe <strong>om</strong> at en skalutnytte sin posisjon <strong>for</strong> å hjelpe dem. Med andre ord: Det er ekstremt vanskelig åinneha en slik stilling <strong>og</strong> definere seg s<strong>om</strong> ikke-patron, <strong>for</strong>di store deler av<strong>om</strong>givelsene vil se på vedk<strong>om</strong>mende s<strong>om</strong> en patron <strong>og</strong> seg selv s<strong>om</strong> klienter uansett– selv <strong>om</strong> de kan være kritiske til hvordan systemet virker (eller ikke virker, altetters<strong>om</strong>):As clients, virtually everyone laments the failures of their kin and patrons tooffer levels of assistance they would like to receive. Conversely, as patrons,nearly everyone laments the burdens imposed by kin and other clients whoexpect assistance. (Smith 2004:229)Forsøker en å stå i mot når en innehar patron-rollen, blir en faktisk sett på s<strong>om</strong>umoralsk – s<strong>om</strong> i denne beskrivelsen av hvordan det kan arte seg i Nigeria:Although Nigerians rec<strong>og</strong>nize and condemn, in the abstract, the system ofpatronage that d<strong>om</strong>inates the allocation of government resources, in practicepeople feel locked in. One friend of mine, a university professor who wasappointed a state c<strong>om</strong>missioner of agriculture, put it to me this way: ‘Even ifI wanted to avoid the practice of awarding contracts on the basis offavoritism, I could not. My people would say that I am selfish and foolish.Who gets to such a position of power and then refuses to help his people?Only the worst kind of person.’ A man who enriches himself throughemptying government coffers is, in his c<strong>om</strong>munity, despised only if he fails toshare enough of that wealth with his people – through direct gifts toindividuals and c<strong>om</strong>munity development projects, but also through moreceremonial distributions such as lavish weddings <strong>for</strong> his children,spectacular burials <strong>for</strong> his parents, and extravagant chieftancy installationceremonies <strong>for</strong> himself. At such events his people enjoy his wealth – they‘chop’ (eat) his money. (Smith 2001:354-355)Andre afrikanister understøtter dette:For those at the bott<strong>om</strong> end of society, like lowly civil servants, the sale of thelimited amount of power they possess is virtually their only means of survival.Higher up, extortion is one of the major avenues of enrichment; it facilitatessocial advancement and the upholding of one’s position. As we have seen, itenables political elites to fulfil their duties, to meet the expectations of theirclients and, hence, to advance their status.<strong>Afrika</strong> sør <strong>for</strong> <strong>Sahara</strong> – <strong>om</strong> <strong>dokumenter</strong> <strong>og</strong> offentlig <strong>for</strong>valtningLANDINFO – juli 2007 12

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