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Buletinul AŞM. Ştiinţele vieţii. Nr. 2 (314) 2011 Conclusion At results, broomrape seems as the main problem in sun ower production in Turkey even though downy mildew made big attack epidemic in some years. Main production areas (Trakya Region) are infested areas new races of broomrape and farmers prefer mostly both genetically resistant or IMI hybrids in sun ower production. TARI developed also new broomrape resistant hybrid in recent years and they have also higher seed and oil yielding performance in addition to broomrape resistance. Some of them exhibited the highest oil content in the registration trials. Many hybrids are resistant or showed highly tolerance to new races broomrape but they are not fully resistant so there is still risk to appear new races of broomrape both in Turkey and other countries. References Genetica, Biologia moleculară şi Ameliorarea 1. Alonso, C. 1996. New highly virulent sun ower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) phenotypes in Spain. Advances in parasitic plant research. 6th International Parasitic Weed Symposium. April 16-18, 1996. Cordoba, Spain. 2. Domingez, J., J.M. Melero-Vara, J. Ruso, J.F. Miller and J.M. Fernanadez-Martinez. 1996. Screening for resistance broomrape (Orobanche cernua) in cultivated sun ower. // Plant Breeding. 115: 201-202 3. Fernandez-Martinez, J. M., J. Melero-Vara, J. Munoz-Ruz, J. Ruso and J. Domingez. 2000. Selection of wild and cultivated sun ower for resistance to a new broomrape race that overcomes resistance of the Or5 gene. // Crop Science. 40 (2): 550-555. 4. Jan, C. C., J. A. Ruso, J.Munoz-Ruz and J. M. Fernandez. 2000. Resistance of sun ower (Helianthus) perennial species, interspeci c amphidiploids and backcross progeny to broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) races. In Proceedings of the 15th Int. Sun ower Conf. Toulouse, France. June 12-15. J: 14-19. 5. Kaya, Y. 2003. Ayçiçeginde Orobans ve Mucadelesi. Tarim Istanbul. 84: 26-28. 6. Kaya, Y., G. Evci, , V. Pekcan, T. Gucer, I. M. Yilmaz. 2009. The Evaluation of Broomrape Resistance in Sun ower hybrids. // Helia. 32 (51): 161-169. 7. Mihaljevic, M. 1996. Distribution and virulence of Orobanche populations in Yugoslavia. Symposium on Breeding of Oil and Protein Crops, August 5-8, Zaporozhye, Ukraine. P. 134-136. 8. Pacureanu-Joita, M., A. V. Vranceanu, G. Soare, A. Marinescu and I. Sandu. 1998. The evaluation of the parasite-host interaction the system (Helianthus annuus L.) - (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) in Romania. Proceedings of 2nd Balkan Symposium on Field Crops. 16-20 June, 1998. Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. P. 153-155. 9. Ruso, J., S. Sukno, J. M. Melero-Vara, and J.M. Fernanadez-Martinez. 1996. Screening of wild Helianthus species and derived lines for resistance to several populations of Orobanche cernua. // Plant Disease. 80: 1165-1169. 10. Shindrova, P., P. Ivanov and V. Nikolova. 1998. Effect of broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) intensity of attack on some morphological and biochemical indices of sun ower (Helianthus annuus L.). // Helia. 21(29) pp. 55-62. 11. Vranceanu, A. V., V. A. Tudor, F. M. Stonescu and N. Pirvu. 1980. Virulence Groups of broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) differential hosts and resistance sources and genes in sun ower. In Proceedings of the 9th International Sun ower Conference. Torremolinos, Spain. June, 8-13. 74 - 81 117
Buletinul AŞM. Ştiinţele vieţii. Nr. 2 (314) 2011 118 CHEMICAL CONTROL OF BROOMRAPE AND WEEDS WITH IMIDAZOLINONE HERBICIDE AND RESISTANT HYBRIDS IN SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION IN TURKEY Goksel Evci¹, Nilgun Sezer 2 , Veli Pekcan¹, M. Ibrahim Yilmaz, Yalcin Kaya¹ ¹Trakya Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box: 16, 22100 Edirne, Turkey. 2 Seed Registration and Certi cation Center, Yenimahalle, 06100, Ankara, Turkey. Correspondent author e-mail: yalcinkaya@ttae.gov.tr Introduction Genetica, Biologia moleculară şi Ameliorarea The applying post emergence IMI (Imidazolinone) herbicide over genetically IMI herbicide resistant plants as called Clear eld production system promises to be one of the best tools available for weed control in sun ower [1]. The Clear eld trait for sun ower was discovered rstly in a soybean eld in Kansas, US in 1997 [2; 3; 13]. It was found in a population of wild sun owers growing with seven years of continuous ALS-inhibitor herbicide use. Then, this trait was transferred to public lines with through several backcross generations, and then these public lines made available to commercial seed companies [4; 8; 11; 13]. The Clear eld system consists of sun ower hybrids with using with IMI herbicide, delivering broad-spectrum post emergence grass and broadleaf weed control in sun ower. Best results were obtained with a single foliar treatment with Imazamox (35 g/l) + imazapyr (15 g/l), 43.75+18.75 g/ha was applied on IMI resistant sun ower plants at 8-10 true leaf stage both controlling weeds and broomrape (Orobanche. cernua Loef .) [5; 6; 7; 9; 12]. On the other hand, if sun ower eld has less broomrape and more invaded by weeds in soil surface, this application should apply at early stage to get effective weed control. However, if the goal is more broomrape control in mostly less weed problem elds, the application should perform at 10-12 leaf stages [6; 7; 9]. On the other hand, winter rapeseed and sugar beet should not plant after the sun ower in the rotation due to residue effect of IMI herbicide [14]. IMI herbicide tolerant sun ower hybrids play an increasing role in the sun ower production in Turkey, because they control both broomrape and key weeds which could not controlled by pre-emergence herbicides such as Xanthium strumarium Wallr. Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa cruss-galli, Sinapsis arvensis L., Amaranthus spp. Solanum nigrum L., Datura stramonium L. Avena spp. etc. resulting important yield losses in sun ower [9; 12]. The use of IMI herbicide controlling both key weeds and Orobanche parasite with using IMI resistant hybrids increase gradually in recent years in Turkey [12] . In recent years, IMI resistant hybrids were planted about 51 % of sun ower planted area in Trakya Region which has 70 % of sun ower production in Turkey due to extensive infested broomrape elds [10]. On the other hand, lower seed yield and oil content were obtained from IMI type (1694.0 kg / ha) when comparing genetically broomrape resistant ones (1928.4 kg / ha) [10]. As results, lower income were gained from IMI type (783.4 US $ / ha) than broomrape resistant ones (888.1 US $ / ha) due to both higher costs for herbicide use and also lower obtained seed yield. However, farmers
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