Εικόνα - eBooks4Greeks.gr

146À¡∆√ª∞ ∂ƒ°√µπ√°ƒ∞ºπ∫∞ ∆√πÃ∂π∞ ºπ§√√ºø¡ ∫∞π ∞§§ø¡ ∞ƒÃ∞πø¡ À°°ƒ∞º∂ø¡∞‚ÂÚÚfi˘ πÌappleÓ ƒÔ˘ÛÓÙ (Averroes, 1126 – 1198)°ÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ ∫fiÚÓÙÔ‚· Ù˘ πÛapple·Ó›·˜, ÛappleÔ‡‰·Û ÈÛÏ·ÌÈÎfi ‰›Î·ÈÔÎ·È ¤ÁÈÓ ‰ÈηÛÙ‹˜ ÛÙË Â‚›ÏÏË (1169) Î·È ·Ú¯È‰ÈηÛÙ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ ∫fiÚ-ÓÙÔ‚· (1170).  ÌÂ۷ȈÓÈο Û˘ÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È ˆ˜ «Ô ˘appleÔ-ÌÓËÌ·ÙÈÛÙ‹˜», ·ÊÔ‡ ¤ÁÚ·„ 38 ˘appleÔÌÓ‹Ì·Ù· Û ¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤-ÏË, Ù· ÔappleÔ›· ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·Ûˆı› ÛÙ· ·Ú·‚Èο, Ï·ÙÈÓÈο Î·È Â‚Ú·˚ο.∞‚ÈΤÓÓ· πÌappleÓ ›Ó· (Avicenna, 980 – 1037)°ÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ ÂÚÛ›· Î·È ÛappleÔ‡‰·Û ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·, ÏÔÁÈ΋, Ì·ıËÌ·-ÙÈο Î·È Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ÂappleÈÛً̘ ¤ˆ˜ ÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙˆÓ 18 ÂÙÒÓ, ıˆÚ›ٷȷ˘ÙÔ‰›‰·ÎÙÔ˜. ∆Ô ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∞‚ÈΤÓÓ· ·appleÔÙÂÏ› Û‡ÓıÂÛËÙ˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÔÙÂÏÈ΋˜, Ù˘ ÓÂÔappleÏ·ÙˆÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·Ú·‚È΋˜ ÊÈÏÔ-ÛÔÊ›·˜. ÕÛÎËÛ ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈ· Âapple›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙË ÌÂ۷ȈÓÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·.∞¤ÙÈÔ˜ Ô ∞ÓÙÈԯ‡˜ (1Ô˜ ·È. Ì.Ã.)ŒÁÚ·„Â Û˘ÓÔappleÙÈ΋ ¤ÎıÂÛË, ‰ËÏ. ‰ÔÍÔÁÚ·Ê›·, Ì ٛÙÏÔ ˘Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ÙˆÓ ·ÚÂÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ, Ë ÔappleÔ›· appleÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÙȘ ÁÓÒ̘ ‰È·ÊfiÚˆÓ ÊÈÏÔ-ÛfiÊˆÓ ÁÈ· ı¤Ì·Ù· Û¯ÂÙÈο Ì ÙË Ê˘ÛÈ΋ Î·È ÙË ÌÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈ΋ appleÔ˘ ¤¯ÂÈ·appleÔÏÂÛı›, ·appleÔÙ¤ÏÂÛ fï˜ ÙËÓ appleËÁ‹ ‰‡Ô ¿ÏÏˆÓ ‰ÔÍÔÁÚ·ÊÈÎÒÓ¤ÚÁˆÓ. ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· Ù· Û˘ÁÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ˘Ù¿Ú¯Ô˘ ÂÚd ÙáÓàÚÂÛÎfiÓÙˆÓ ÊÈÏÔÛfiÊÔȘ Ê˘ÛÈÎáÓ ‰ÔÁÌ¿ÙˆÓ (2Ô˜ ·È. Ì.Ã.) Î·È ÙÔ˘πˆ¿ÓÓÔ˘ ÙÔ‚·›Ô˘ ∞ÓıÔÏfiÁÈÔÓ (5Ô˜ ·È. Ì.Ã.).∞ÈÏÈ·Ófi˜ (Claudius Aelianus,170 – 235 Ì.Ã.)ƒˆÌ·›Ô˜ ÛÔÊÈÛÙ‹˜, ÁÓÒÚÈ˙ ¿ÚÈÛÙ· ÙËÓ ÂÏÏËÓÈ΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·, ÒÛÙÂ,fiappleˆ˜ Ô ›‰ÈÔ˜ ÈÛ¯˘ÚÈ˙fiÙ·Ó, ‰ÂÓ Í¯ÒÚÈ˙ ·applefi ¤Ó· ÁÓ‹ÛÈÔ ∞ıËÓ·›Ô. ∆·¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘ Ù· ¤ÁÚ·„ ÛÙ· ÂÏÏËÓÈο.∞ÈÓËÛ›‰ËÌÔ˜ Ô ∫ÓÒÛÈÔ˜ (1Ô˜ ·È. apple.Ã.)ÎÂappleÙÈÎÈÛÙ‹˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜, ÂÎappleÚfiÛˆappleÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÚÚÒÓÂÈÔ˘ ÛÎÂappleÙÈÎÈ-ÛÌÔ‡ Ù˘ ¡¤·˜ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜. ¢›‰·Í ÛÙËÓ ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÂÈ· Î·È ¤ÁÚ·„ ÙÔ¤ÚÁÔ ˘ÚÚÒÓÂÈÔÈ ÏfiÁÔÈ Î·ıÒ˜ Î·È ÙÔ ÀappleÔÙ‡appleˆÛȘ ÂȘ ‡ÚÚˆÓ·. ÀappleÔ-ÛÙ‹ÚÈÍ ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ Ù˘ «ÂappleÔ¯‹˜» Î·È ‰È·Ù‡appleˆÛ ‰¤Î· ÙÚfiappleÔ˘˜, ‰ËÏ.ÂappleȯÂÈÚ‹Ì·Ù·, Ì ٷ ÔappleÔ›· ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÔ‡Û ÙË ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÁÓÒ-Û˘ Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÁ΢ÚfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ·Ú¯‹˜ Ù˘ ·ÈÙÈfiÙËÙ·˜.∞ÎÈÓ¿Ù˘ £ˆÌ¿˜ (Thomaso d’ Aquino, 1225 – 1274)°ÂÓÓ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È ÛappleÔ‡‰·Û ÛÙË ¡¿appleÔÏË. °fiÓÔ˜ ·ÚÈÛÙÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÔÈÎÔ-Á¤ÓÂÈ·˜ ¤Î·Ó ÙȘ appleÚÒÙ˜ ÛappleÔ˘‰¤˜ ÛÙÔ ·‚·Â›Ô ÙˆÓ µÂÓ‰ÈÎÙ›ÓˆÓ ÙÔ˘ªfiÓÙ ∫·Û›ÓÔ Î·È ÌÂÙ¿ ÛÙÔ ·ÓÂappleÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ Ù˘ ¡¿appleÔÏ˘ (1239-1243).∆Ô ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÎÈÓ¿ÙË ·appleÔÙÂÏ› Û‡ÓıÂÛË Ù˘ ¯ÚÈ-ÛÙÈ·ÓÈ΋˜ ıÂÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÚÈÛÙÔÙÂÏÈ΋˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ Ì Âappleȉڿ-ÛÂȘ ·applefi ÙÔÓ ÙˆÈÎÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙÔÓ ¡ÂÔappleÏ·ÙˆÓÈÛÌfi ÙÔ˘ ∞˘ÁÔ˘ÛÙ›ÓÔ˘Î·È ÙÔ˘ µÔ‹ıÈÔ˘.∞ÏÎȉ¿Ì·˜ Ô ∂Ï¿Ù˘ (4Ô˜ ·È. apple.Ã.)ÔÊÈÛÙ‹˜ Î·È Ú‹ÙÔÚ·˜, ˘apple‹ÚÍ ̷ıËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ °ÔÚÁ›·.∞Ï ∫›ÓÙÈ ∞Ìapple¿-°ÈÔ˘ÛÔ‡Ê °È·ÎÔ‡Ìapple πÌappleÓ πÛ¿Î (Al Kindi, Abu-YsufYaqub ibh Ishaq, 800 – 870 Ì.Ã.)ÕÚ·‚·˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜, Ô appleÚÒÙÔ˜ ÂÈÛËÁËÙ‹˜ Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜ ÛÙÔ πÛÏ¿ÌÎ·È Û˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈÎÒÓ ¤ÚÁˆÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‚È΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ·. √ÓÔ-Ì¿ÛÙËÎÂ Ô «ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ∞Ú¿‚ˆÓ» Î·È ÂappleËÚ¿ÛÙËΠ·applefi ÙË ÊÈÏÔ-ÛÔÊ›· ÙÔ˘ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏË Î·È ÙÔ˘ ¡ÂÔappleÏ·ÙˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡.∞Ï º·Ú¿ÌappleÈ ∞ÌappleÔ‡ ¡·ÛÚ ªÔ˘¯¿Ì·ÓÙ (Al Farabi, 870 – 950 Ì.Ã.)ºÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ πÛÏ¿Ì, ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÛÙÔ ∆Ô˘ÚÎÂÛÙ¿Ó, ÛappleÔ‡‰·Û Ì¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·ÓÔ‡˜ ‰·ÛοÏÔ˘˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·, Ê˘ÛÈ΋, Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈο, ·ÛÙÚÔÓÔ-Ì›· Î·È ÌÔ˘ÛÈ΋ ÛÙË µ·Á‰¿ÙË ÛÙËÓ ÔappleÔ›· Î·È apple¤ı·ÓÂ. √ ∞Ï º·Ú¿ÌappleȤÁÚ·„ ÛÙËÓ ·Ú·‚È΋ ÁÏÒÛÛ· Î·È Âappleȯ›ÚËÛ ӷ Û˘ÁÎÂÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· ÙÔ˘ Ï¿ÙˆÓ· Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏË. √ÓÔÌ¿ÛÙËΠ«‰Â‡ÙÂ-ÚÔ˜ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ˜» ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏË.∞Ó·Í·ÁfiÚ·˜ Ô ∫Ï·˙Ô̤ÓÈÔ˜ (appleÂÚ. 500 – 428/7 apple.Ã.)√ ∞Ó·Í·ÁfiÚ·˜ ˘apple‹ÚÍÂ Ô appleÚÒÙÔ˜ appleÚÔÛˆÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ appleÔ˘‰›‰·Í ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· ÙÔ 432 apple.Ã., fiappleÔ˘ ¤˙ËÛ ÙÚÈ¿ÓÙ· appleÂÚ›appleÔ˘ ¯ÚfiÓÈ·.∂appleËÚ¤·Û Ì ÙȘ ȉ¤Â˜ ÙÔ˘ ÙÔÓ ∂˘ÚÈapple›‰Ë Î·È Û˘Ó‰ÂfiÙ·Ó ÊÈÏÈο Ì ÙÔÓÂÚÈÎÏ‹. ∫·ÙËÁÔÚ‹ıËΠÁÈ· ·Û¤‚ÂÈ· Î·È ÁÈ· Ó· ·appleÔʇÁÂÈ ÙËÓ appleÔÈÓ‹ ÙÔ˘ı·Ó¿ÙÔ˘ Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈÎÏ‹ Î·Ù¤Ê˘Á ÛÙË §¿Ì„·ÎÔ Ù˘ ÚÔappleÔÓÙ›‰·˜,fiappleÔ˘ ›‰Ú˘Û ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋ Û¯ÔÏ‹ Î·È ¤ÌÂÈÓ ÂΛ ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ı¿Ó·-Ùfi ÙÔ˘. √ ∞Ó·Í·ÁfiÚ·˜ ıÂÒÚËÛ ˆ˜ ·ÈÙ›· Ù˘ ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘ÙÔÓ ÓÔ˘ appleÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÙÔ «ÏÂappleÙfiÙ·ÙÔÓ» Î·È «Î·ı·ÚÒÙ·ÙÔÓ» ÔÓ. √ ÓÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘∞Ó·Í·ÁfiÚ· ·appleÔÙÂÏ› ÙËÓ ·Ú¯‹ ÙÔ˘ ÎfiÛÌÔ˘, Ì ÙËÓ ÔappleÔ›· Ú˘ıÌ›˙ÔÓÙ·ÈfiϘ ÔÈ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›Â˜ ·applefi ÙÔÓ ÌÂÁ¿ÎÔÛÌÔ ˆ˜ ÙÔÓ ÌÈÎÚfiÎÔÛÌÔ.∞ӷ̷͛ӉÚÔ˜ Ô ªÈÏ‹ÛÈÔ˜ (appleÂÚ. 612/10 – 545 apple.Ã.)ÚÔÛˆÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜, ˘apple‹ÚÍ ̷ıËÙ‹˜ Î·È ‰È¿‰Ô¯fi˜ ÙÔ˘£·Ï‹ ÛÙË ÏÂÁfiÌÂÓË Û¯ÔÏ‹ Ù˘ ªÈÏ‹ÙÔ˘. ¢È·ÎÚ›ıËΠÛÙ· Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈ-ο, ÙËÓ ·ÛÙÚÔÓÔÌ›· Î·È ÙË ÁˆÁÚ·Ê›·.∞Ó·ÍÈ̤Ó˘ Ô ªÈÏ‹ÛÈÔ˜ (appleÂÚ. 585/84 – 528/25 apple.Ã.)ÚÔÛˆÎÚ·ÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜, Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ӷ̷͛ӉÚÔ˘, ıÂÒÚËÛˆ˜ appleÚÒÙË ·Ú¯‹ ÙˆÓ fiÓÙˆÓ ÙÔÓ ·¤Ú· (·‹Ú), Ô ÔappleÔ›Ô˜ ·appleÏÒÓÂÙ·Èapple¤Ú· ·applefi οı fiÚÈÔ Î·È ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Û ·¤Ó·Ë ΛÓËÛË Î·È ·ÏÏ·Á‹.∞ÓÙÈÊÒÓ Ô ÛÔÊÈÛÙ‹˜ (5Ô˜ ·È. apple.Ã.)∏ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÚÔÓÔÏÔÁÂ›Ù·È ÛÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ‰ÂηÂٛ˜ ÙÔ˘ 5Ô˘ ·È.apple.Ã. ¢¤¯ıËΠÂappleȉڿÛÂȘ ·applefi ÙÔÓ ∏Ú¿ÎÏÂÈÙÔ Î·È ÙÔÓ ∞Ó·Í·ÁfiÚ·. √•ÂÓÔÊÒÓ Î·È Ô ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤Ï˘ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔ˘Ó ÙÔÓ ∞ÓÙÈÊÒÓÙ· ˆ˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔ-ÊÈÎfi ·ÓÙ›apple·ÏÔ ÙÔ˘ ˆÎÚ¿ÙË. ¢ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ‚¤‚·ÈÔ ·Ó appleÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ›‰ÈÔ ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi appleÚfiÛˆappleÔ ·applefi ÙÔÓ ·ÙÙÈÎfi Ú‹ÙÔÚ· ∞ÓÙÈÊÒÓÙ· ÙÔÓƒ·ÌÓÔ‡ÛÈÔ.∞ÓÙÈÛı¤Ó˘ Ô ∫˘ÓÈÎfi˜ (455 – 360 apple.Ã.)ª·ıËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ˆÎÚ¿ÙË Î·È ‰¿ÛηÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¢ÈÔÁ¤ÓË ·applefi ÙË ÈÓÒappleË, Ô∞ÓÙÈÛı¤Ó˘ ¤ÁÚ·„ appleÔÏÏ¿ ¤ÚÁ·, ·applefi Ù· ÔappleÔ›· ÛÒ˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ··appleÔÛapple¿ÛÌ·Ù·. £ÂˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ Ô ıÂÌÂÏȈً˜ Ù˘ ΢ÓÈ΋˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔ-Ê›·˜.∞appleÔÏÏfi‰ˆÚÔ˜ Ô ÙˆÈÎfi˜ (180 – 109 apple.Ã.)ÃÚÔÓÈÎÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜ Î·È Ì˘ıÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˜, ¤ÁÚ·„ ٷ ÃÚÔÓÈο ÛÂ È¿Ì‚Ô˘˜,fiappleÔ˘ appleÂÚȤ¯ÔÓÙ·È ‚ÈÔÁڷʛ˜ ÂappleÈÊ·ÓÒÓ appleÚÔÛÒappleˆÓ ¤ˆ˜ ÙÔ 110 apple.Ã.∞ÚÈÛÙfiÍÂÓÔ˜ Ô ∆·Ú·ÓÙ›ÓÔ˜ (4Ô˜ ·È. apple.Ã.)˘ı·ÁfiÚÂÈÔ˜, ÛÙË Û˘Ó¤¯ÂÈ· Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏË. ÚÔÛapple¿ıËÛÂÓ· Û˘Ó‰˘¿ÛÂÈ ÙËÓ apple˘ı·ÁfiÚÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ ·ÚÈÛÙÔÙÂÏÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·. √ ∞ÚÈ-ÛÙfiÍÂÓÔ˜ ıˆÚÂ›Ù·È ˆ˜ Ô ıÂÌÂÏȈً˜ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔÁÔÙ¯ÓÈÎÔ‡ ›‰Ô˘˜ ÙË˜Û˘ÁÁÚ·Ê‹˜ ‚ÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈÒÓ. ∞applefi ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ µ›ÔÈ ‰È·ÛÒıËÎ·Ó ·appleÔÛapple¿-ÛÌ·Ù· ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ˘ı·ÁfiÚ·, ÙÔÓ ∞Ú¯‡Ù·, ÙÔÓ ˆÎÚ¿ÙË, ÙÔÓ Ï¿ÙˆÓ·.∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤Ï˘ (Ù¿ÁÈÚ· 384 – ÷ÏΛ‰· 322 apple.Ã.)°È· ÙË ˙ˆ‹ Î·È ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÚÈÛÙÔÙ¤ÏË, ‚Ï. ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ 4Ô˘ ÎÂÊ·Ï·›-Ô˘, ÛÂÏ. 83 – 85 Î·È πÛÙÔÚ›· ∞Ú¯·›·˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜, ÛÂÏ.143 – 149.∞ÚÈÛÙÔÊ¿Ó˘ (445 – 385 apple.Ã.)°ÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó·, ÛÙÔÓ ‰‹ÌÔ ∫˘‰·ıËÓ·›ˆÓ. ŒÁÚ·„ apple¿Óˆ·applefi 40 Έ̈‰›Â˜ (46 Ù›ÙÏÔÈ) ·applefi ÙȘ Ôappleԛ˜ ÛÒ˙ÔÓÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ 11 ηÈappleÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ·applefi 900 ·appleÔÛapple¿ÛÌ·Ù·. (°È· ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘, ‚Ï. πÛÙÔÚ›·∞Ú¯·›·˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜, ÛÂÏ. 103 – 109).∞ÚÎÂۛϷԘ (ÈÙ¿ÓË Á‡Úˆ ÛÙÔ 316 – 242/1 apple.Ã.)∞Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÙË ª¤ÛË appleÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Ù˘ ∞η‰ËÌ›·˜, ·apple¤ÎÏÈÓ ·applefi ÙÔÓ Ï¿ÙˆÓ·Î·È ˘applefi ÙËÓ Âapple›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‡ÚÚˆÓÔ˜ appleÚÔÛ¯ÒÚËÛ ÛÙÔÓ ÎÂappleÙÈÎÈÛÌfi.£ÂˆÚÂ›Ù·È ÂÈÛËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞η‰ËÌÂÈÎÔ‡ ÛÎÂappleÙÈÎÈÛÌÔ‡, Û‡Ìʈӷ ÌÂÙÔÓ ÔappleÔ›ÔÓ ‰ÂÓ ÌappleÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì ٛappleÔÙ· (ÚÈ˙È΋ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›·),ÁÈ· ÙÔÓ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi appleÂÚÈÔÚ›ÛÙËΠÛÙËÓ appleÚÔÊÔÚÈ΋ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ·.A˘ÁÔ˘ÛÙ›ÓÔ˜ ∞˘Ú‹ÏÈÔ˜ (354 – 430 Ì.Ã.)°ÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÛÙË £·Á¿ÛÙË Ù˘ µ. ∞ÊÚÈ΋˜ Î·È ÛappleÔ‡‰·Û ÛÙËÓ ∫·Ú-¯Ë‰fiÓ· Î·È ÙË ƒÒÌË.  Ó·ڋ ËÏÈΛ· ·ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛ ÙËÓ ·›ÚÂÛË ÙÔ˘Ì·Óȯ·˚ÛÌÔ‡, ÂÓÒ ÛÙÔ ªÂ‰ÈfiÏ·ÓÔ (ªÈÏ¿ÓÔ) ÁÓÒÚÈÛ ÙÔÓ Âapple›ÛÎÔappleÔ∞Ì‚ÚfiÛÈÔ Î·È ¤ÁÈÓ ¯ÚÈÛÙÈ·Ófi˜ (387). ∆Ô 395 ÂÎϤ¯ıËΠÂapple›ÛÎÔappleÔ˜πappleappleÒÓÔ˜.∞˘Ú‹ÏÈÔ˜ ª¿ÚÎÔ˜ (121 – 180 Ì.Ã.)ƒˆÌ·›Ô˜ ·˘ÙÔÎÚ¿ÙÔÚ·˜ Î·È ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ appleÔ˘ ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› ÙË ‰È·‰Èηۛ·Ù˘ apple·Ï·È¿˜ ÙÔ¿˜. ŒÁÚ·„ ∆· ÂȘ ·˘ÙfiÓ.µÔ‹ıÈÔ˜ (Boethius Ancius Manlius Severinus, 480 – 525 Ì.Ã.)°ÂÓÓ‹ıËΠÛÙË ƒÒÌË ·applefi ÂappleÈÊ·Ó‹ ÔÈÎÔÁ¤ÓÂÈ·. ◊Ù·Ó apple·ÙÚ›ÎÈÔ˜ ηȤÊÙ·Û ˆ˜ Ù· ·ÍÈÒÌ·Ù· ÙÔ˘ ‡apple·ÙÔ˘. ∞Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËΠ̠ÙËÓ appleÔÏÈÙÈÎ‹Î·È ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜, ȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙË ÌÂÙ¿ÊÚ·ÛË ¤ÚÁˆÓ∞¡£√§√°π√ ºπ§√√ºπ∫ø¡ ∫∂πª∂¡ø¡ ñ °’ °Àª¡∞π√À