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149›‰Ú˘Û ÌÈ· ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊÈ΋, ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈ΋ Î·È appleÔÏÈÙÈ΋ Û¯ÔÏ‹ ‹ ÎÔÈÓfiÙË-Ù·. ∂appleÂȉ‹ Ô ˘ı·ÁfiÚ·˜ ‰ÂÓ ¿ÊËÛ ÁÚ·appleÙ¿ ¤ÚÁ· Â›Ó·È ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙Ô˘Ì Ì ·ÎÚ›‚ÂÈ· ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË Î·È ÙË ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· ÙÔ˘. °È· ÙËÓËıÈ΋ ‰È‰·Ûηϛ· Î·È ÙȘ ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈΤ˜ ‰Ôͷۛ˜ ÙˆÓ ˘ı·ÁÔÚ›ˆÓ¤¯Ô˘Ì appleÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜ ·applefi Ù· ¤ÚÁ· ÃÚ˘Û¿ ¤appleË, ˘ı·ÁÔÚÈο ˘appleÔÌÓ‹-Ì·Ù·, πÂÚfi˜ ÏfiÁÔ˜ Î.¿.‡ÚÚˆÓ Ô ∏Ï›Ԙ (360 – 270 apple.Ã.)ºÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜, ÂÈÛËÁËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÚÚˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡ (˘ÚÚÒÓÂÈÔÓ ‰fiÁÌ·) ηÈÙ˘ ·Ú¯·›·˜ ÛΤ„˘. ¢¤¯ıËΠÂappleȉڿÛÂȘ ·applefi ÙÔÓ ¢ËÌfiÎÚÈÙÔ, ÙÔ˘˜ÔÊÈÛÙ¤˜ Î·È ÙË ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Ù˘ ∫˘ÚËÓ·˚΋˜ Û¯ÔÏ‹˜. ∞ÎÔÏÔ‡ıËÛÂÙÔÓ ª. ∞ϤͷӉÚÔ ˆ˜ ÙȘ πÓ‰›Â˜ Î·È ÁÓÒÚÈÛ ÙÔ˘˜ Á˘ÌÓÔÛÔÊÈÛÙ¤˜(ÁÈfiÁÎÈ). ÿ‰Ú˘Û ۯÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ ∏Ï›·, ‰ÂÓ ¤ÁÚ·„ ٛappleÔÙ· Î·È ÙȘ ‰ÔÍ·-ۛ˜ ÙÔ˘ η٤ÁÚ·„Â Ô Ì·ıËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∆›ÌˆÓ, ·applefi ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ÔappleÔ›Ô˘¤¯Ô˘Ó ‰È·Ûˆı› ·appleÔÛapple¿ÛÌ·Ù·.ƒÔ˘ÛÛÒ ∑·Ó-∑·Î (Rousseau Jean-Jacques, 1712 – 1778)°·ÏÏÔ-ÂÏ‚ÂÙfi˜ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ Î·È apple·È‰·ÁˆÁfi˜, ¿ÛÎËÛ ¤ÓÙÔÓËÎÚÈÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔÓ appleÔÏÈÙÈÛÌfi Î·È ÙËÓ ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈ΋ ÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÈÌ›-ÏÈÔ˜. √ ƒÔ˘ÛÛÒ ÛÙÔ ∫ÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi ˘Ì‚fiÏ·ÈÔ ˘appleÔÛÙËÚ›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡apple·ÚÍË Ù˘ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜ ˆ˜ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓ‹˜ ı¤ÏËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ appleÔÏÈÙÒÓ, appleÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘Ó· Û˘Ì‚È‚·ÛıÔ‡Ó Ë ·ÙÔÌÈ΋ ÂÏ¢ıÂÚ›· Î·È Ë ·Ó·ÁηÈfiÙËÙ· ÙÔ˘ ÓfiÌÔ˘.ÂӤη˜ (Seneca Lusius Annaeus ·applefi ÙËÓ ∫fiÚÓÙÔ‚· Ù˘ πÛapple·Ó›·˜,4 apple.Ã. – 65 Ì.X.)ƒˆÌ·›Ô˜ ÛÙˆÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ ‰¿ÛηÏÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ¡¤ÚˆÓ· ·Û¯ÔÏ‹ıËÎÂȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙËÓ ËıÈ΋ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·.¤ÍÙÔ˜ Ô ∂ÌappleÂÈÚÈÎfi˜ (2Ô˜ ·È. Ì.Ã.)ÎÂappleÙÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ Î·È È·ÙÚfi˜, ¤˙ËÛ ÛÙËÓ ∞ÏÂÍ¿Ó‰ÚÂÈ· Î·È ÙËÓ∞ı‹Ó·, fiappleÔ˘ ‰Èˇı˘Ó ÙË ÎÂappleÙÈ΋ Û¯ÔÏ‹. °È· ÙË ‰Ú¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ˘apple¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó appleÏËÚÔÊÔڛ˜. ¢È·ÛÒ˙ÔÓÙ·È ‰‡Ô ¤ÚÁ· ÙÔ˘: ·) ÔÈ ˘ÚÚÒ-ÓÂÈ·È ˘appleÔÙ˘appleÒÛÂȘ (ÂÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹ ÛÙȘ ·Ú¯¤˜, ÙȘ ıˆڛ˜ Î·È ÙȘ ÌÂıfi-‰Ô˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ˘ÚÚˆÓÈÛÌÔ‡) Î·È ‚) ÚÔ˜ Ì·ıËÌ·ÙÈÎÔ‡˜.ÔÊÔÎÏ‹˜ (496 – 406/5 apple.Ã.)∞ıËÓ·›Ô˜ ÙÚ·ÁÈÎfi˜ appleÔÈËÙ‹˜, ¤ÁÚ·„ 123 ÙÚ·Áˆ‰›Â˜ ·applefi ÙȘ Ôappleԛ˜ÛÒıËÎ·Ó ÌfiÓÔ 7 Î·È apple¿Óˆ ·applefi 1.000 ·appleÔÛapple¿ÛÌ·Ù· (°È· ÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ ÙÔ˘‚Ï. πÛÙÔÚ›· ∞Ú¯·›·˜ ∂ÏÏËÓÈ΋˜ °Ú·ÌÌ·Ù›·˜, ÛÂÏ. 82-87).ÙÔ‚·›Ô˜ πˆ¿ÓÓ˘ (5Ô˜ ·È. apple.Ã.)˘ÁÁڷʤ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÓıÔÏÔÁ›Ô˘ appleÔ˘ appleÂÚȤ¯ÂÈ ‰Ôͷۛ˜ 500 ∂ÏÏ‹ÓˆÓappleÔÈËÙÒÓ Î·È ÊÈÏÔÛfiʈÓ.ˆÎÚ¿Ù˘ (470/69 – 399 apple.Ã.)∞ıËÓ·›Ô˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ (µÏ. Û¯ÂÙÈο ∂ÈÛ·ÁˆÁ‹, ÎÂÊ. 3).ÃÔÌapple˜ ∆fiÌ·˜ (Hobbes Thomas, 1588 – 1679)ÕÁÁÏÔ˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ ÂÎappleÚfiÛˆappleÔ˜ Ù˘ ÔÓÔÌ·ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÈ΋˜ (ÓÔÌÈÓ·ÏÈ-ÛÙÈ΋˜) ıˆڛ·˜, Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙËÓ ÔappleÔ›· ÙÔ Î·ıfiÏÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ¤Ó·˜ ÁÂÓÈ-Îfi˜ fiÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÌÈ· ηıÔÏÈ΋ ÔÓÙfiÙËÙ·. £ÂˆÚ›ٷÈappleÚfi‰ÚÔÌÔ˜ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯ÚÔÓ˘ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›·˜, ·ÊÔ‡ ·Û¯ÔÏ‹-ıËΠȉȷ›ÙÂÚ· Ì ÙË ÊÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· Ù˘ ÁÏÒÛÛ·˜ Î·È ÙË ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ›· Ù˘.∆ËÓ appleÔÏÈÙÈ΋ ıˆڛ· ÙÔ˘ appleÂÚÈÁÚ¿ÊÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¤ÚÁÔ §Â‚È¿ı·Ó, fiappleÔ˘ ÌÂÏÂ-Ù¿ ÙËÓ ·ÓıÚÒappleÈÓË Û˘ÌappleÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Ì ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔ ¤ÓÛÙÈÎÙÔ Ù˘ ·˘ÙÔ-Û˘ÓÙ‹ÚËÛ˘ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÛË Ù˘ ÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜.ÃÚ‡ÛÈappleappleÔ˜ Ô Ôχ˜ (281 – 208/4 apple.Ã.)√ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙˆÈÎfi˜ ÊÈÏfiÛÔÊÔ˜ ·applefi ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÏÔ‡˜ Ù˘∫ÈÏÈΛ·˜ ‹Úı ÛÙËÓ ∞ı‹Ó· (ÙÔ 260) ÁÈ· Ó· ÛappleÔ˘‰¿ÛÂÈ ÛÙËÓ ∞η‰ËÌ›·.Àapple‹ÚÍ ̷ıËÙ‹˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞ÚÎÂÛ›Ï·Ô˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ∫Ï¿ÓıË, ÙÔÓ ÔappleÔ›Ô Î·È‰È·‰¤¯ıËΠÛÙË ‰È‡ı˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÙÔ¿˜.∂Àƒ∂∆∏ƒπ√ ºπ§√√ºπ∫ø¡ √ƒø¡(·Ú·Ù›ıÂÓÙ·È ÂÓ‰ÂÈÎÙÈο ÔÚÈṲ̂ÓÔÈ ·applefi ÙÔ˘˜ fiÚÔ˘˜ appleÔ˘ ·apple·ÓÙÔ‡Ó ÛÙÔ ‚È‚Ï›Ô)∞Á·ıfi 86, 87, 88, 111, 132, 136∞ÁÓˆÛÙÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ 47, 145∞Ï‹ıÂÈ· 22, 24, 60∞Ó·ÁˆÁ‹ 17, 19, 145∞Ó·ÏÔÁ›· ‹ ·Ó·ÏÔÁÈÎfi˜ Û˘ÏÏÔÁÈÛÌfi˜ 17, 19,145∞ÓıÚˆappleÈÛÌfi˜ (Ô˘Ì·ÓÈÛÌfi˜) 126, 127, 145∞ÓıÚˆappleÔÌÔÚÊÈÛÌfi˜ 145∞Í›· 145∞apple¿ıÂÈ· 111, 114, 122, 123, 130ÕappleÂÈÚÔ 20∞ÚÂÙ‹ 17, 26, 44, 78, 80, 90, 93, 96, 114, 140,145∞Ú¯‹ 8, 17, 18, 20∞Ù·Ú·Í›· 109, 110, 111, 118, 122, 123, 130,133µÔ‡ÏËÛË 123°›ÁÓÂÛı·È 145°ÓÒÛË 8, 22, 24, 140°ÓˆÛÈÔıˆڛ·/ÁÓˆÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· 9, 20, 145¢È·ÏÂÎÙÈ΋ 36, 39, 56, 140, 145¢ÈηÈÔÛ‡ÓË 17, 50, 64, 104, 140¢ÔÁÌ·ÙÈÛÌfi˜ 111, 131, 145¢ÔÍÔÁÚ·Ê›· 145∂ÎÏÂÎÙÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ 12, 108, 112∂Ó¤ÚÁÂÈ· 103∂ÓÙÂϤ¯ÂÈ· 103∂apple·ÁˆÁ‹ 17, 19, 85, 145∂appleÈÎÔ˘ÚÈÛÌfi˜ 11, 118-121, 145∂appleȯ›ÚËÌ· 145∂appleÔ¯‹ 111, 130-131, 145∂ÚÈÛÙÈ΋ 39, 140, 145∂˘‰·ÈÌÔÓ›· 28, 29, 84, 86, 87, 88, 109, 118,130, 139∏‰ÔÓ‹ 110, 111, 118, 119∏‰ÔÓÈÛÌfi˜ 119∏ıÈ΋ 10, 29, 110, 145π‰Â·ÏÈÛÌfi˜ 145∫ÔÈÓˆÓ›· 98, 104, 126∫ÔÛÌÔÏÔÁ›· 10, 20∫˘ÓÈÛÌfi˜ ‹ ΢ÓÈ΋ Û¯ÔÏ‹ 11, 108, 109, 114-117, 145∫˘ÚËÓ·˚΋ Û¯ÔÏ‹ 11, 145§fiÁÔ˜ 32, 42, 44, 139, 145ªÂÛfiÙËÙ· 90, 91, 92ªÂÙ·Ê˘ÛÈ΋ (‹ ÔÓÙÔÏÔÁ›·) 9, 145ª˘ÛÙÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ 109, 112, 145¡fiËÛË 24¡fiÌÔ˜ 17, 30, 32, 50, 51, 66, 126, 128, 140¡Ô˘˜ 20, 24√ÈΛˆÛË 127√Ó 10, 24, 145√ÓÙÔÏÔÁ›· 9, 24, 145√˘Û›· 8, 145√˘ÙÔapple›· 73, 74, 129¿ıÔ˜ 111fiÏË 30, 32, 98, 100, 101, 102ÔÏÈÙ›· 58, 65, 72, 76, 126ÔÏÈÙÈ΋ 72, 74, 75, 110ÔÏÈÙÈÎfi˜ 58, 74ÚÔ·›ÚÂÛË 92ƒËÙÔÚÈ΋ 36, 44, 45, 145ÎÂappleÙÈÎÈÛÌfi˜ 11, 108, 130-133, 145Τ„Ș 132ÔÊ›· 8, 17, 40, 60, 65, 120fiÊÈÛÌ· 39‡ÛÙËÌ· 136¯ÂÙÈÎÈÛÌfi˜/ Û¯ÂÙÈÎÔÎÚ·Ù›· 47, 145∆ÂÏÂÔÏÔÁ›· 89, 145∆¤ÏÔ˜ 86, 87, 132, 134ÀÏÈÛÌfi˜ 145ÀapplefiÛÙ·ÛȘ / -ÂȘ 112ºÈÏ›· 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 120ºÈÏÔÛÔÊ›· 8-14, 39, 50, 56, 59, 64, 72, 85, 108-112, 122, 126, 139-140ºÚfiÓËÛȘ 97º‡ÛË 16, 19, 50, 51, 52, 110, 119, 128, 140æ˘¯‹ 61, 134, 135, 136∞¡£√§√°π√ ºπ§√√ºπ∫ø¡ ∫∂πª∂¡ø¡ ñ °’ °Àª¡∞π√À