The effects of third-order torque and self - Saint Louis University

There were no significant differences in mean
frictional forces produced across the five attachment-sets
at -10 degrees of torque. At +10 degrees, however, the In-
Ovation R set produced significantly greater frictional
resistance than each of the other four attachment-sets.
At +15 and -15 degrees of torque, the In-Ovation R and
SmartClip sets generated significantly greater mean
frictional forces than the other three sets; the forces
from each of these two sets were statistically equal at
these torque angles (Table 3-4). The In-Ovation R and
SmartClip sets produced forces of 757 grams and 744 grams,
respectively, and 752 grams and 736 grams, respectively, at
+15 and -15 degrees (Table 3-1). The Victory, Time2 and
Damon 3MX sets produced mean frictional forces that were
statistically equal to each other at these angulations.
Effect of Torque
Discussion
Increasing torque in the second-premolar slot from 0
to and beyond ±10 degrees caused increases in frictional
forces from all of the tested attachment-sets except the
Victory set from 0 to -10 degrees. This effect was not
seen from most of the sets when the torque-angle was
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