The effects of third-order torque and self - Saint Louis University

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22. Peterson L, Spencer R, Andreasen G. A comparison of friction resistance for Nitinol and stainless steel wire in edgewise brackets. Quintessence Int Dent Dig 1982;13:563- 571. 23. De Franco DJ, Spiller RE, Jr., von Fraunhofer JA. Frictional resistances using Teflon-coated ligatures with various bracket-archwire combinations. Angle Orthod 1995;65:63-72; discussion 73-64. 24. Tselepis M, Brockhurst P, West VC. The dynamic frictional resistance between orthodontic brackets and arch wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:131-138. 25. Smith DV, Rossouw PE, Watson P. Quantified simulation of canine retraction: Evaluation of frictional resistance. Sem Orthod 2003;9:262-280. 26. Downing A, McCabe J, Gordon P. A study of frictional forces between orthodontic brackets and archwires. Br J Orthod 1994;21:349-357. 27. Cacciafesta V, Sfondrini MF, Scribante A, Klersy C, Auricchio F. Evaluation of friction of conventional and metal-insert ceramic brackets in various bracket-archwire combinations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;124:403- 409. 28. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ, Mayhew MJ, Buckthal JE. Surface roughness of orthodontic archwires via laser spectroscopy. Angle Orthod 1988;58:33-45. 29. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Effects of surface roughness on frictional coefficients of arch wires. J Dent Res 1988;67:A1986. 30. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Effects of surface roughness on the coefficients of friction in model orthodontic systems. J Biomech 1990;23:913-925. 31. Burstone CJ, Farzin-Nia F. Production of low-friction and colored TMA by ion implantation. J Clin Orthod 1995;29:453-461. 32. Burstone CJ. Variable-modulus orthodontics. Am J Orthod 1981;80:1-16. 74
33. Andreasen GF, Quevedo FR. Evaluation of friction forces in the 0.022 x 0.028 edgewise bracket in vitro. J Biomech 1970;3:151-160. 34. Riley JL, Garrett SG, Moon PC. Frictional forces of ligated plastic and metal edgewise brackets. J Dent Res 1979;58:98. 35. Keith O, Jones SP, Davies EH. The influence of bracket material, ligation force and wear on frictional resistance of orthodontic brackets. Br J Orthod 1993;20:109-115. 36. Berger JL. The influence of the SPEED bracket's selfligating design on force levels in tooth movement: a comparative in vitro study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1990;97:219-228. 37. Bednar JR, Gruendeman GW, Sandrik JL. A comparative study of frictional forces between orthodontic brackets and arch wires. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991;100:513- 522. 38. Shivapuja PK, Berger J. A comparative study of conventional ligation and self-ligation bracket systems. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1994;106:472-480. 39. Khambay B, Millett D, McHugh S. Evaluation of methods of archwire ligation on frictional resistance. Eur J Orthod 2004;26:327-332. 40. Thorstenson GA. SmartClip Self-Ligating Brackets Frictional Study. Orthodontic Perspectives: The System Approach. 3M-Unitek Publication, Monrovia, CA 2005;12:8-11. 41. Roth RH, Sapunar A, Frantz RC. The In-Ovation Bracket for Fully Adjusted Appliances. In: Graber TM, Vanarsdall RL, Vig KWL (eds). Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques. Saint Louis, MO, Elsevier, 2005:pp 833-853. 42. Hain M, Dhopatkar A, Rock P. The effect of ligation method on friction in sliding mechanics. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;123:416-422. 43. Pizzoni L, Ravnholt G, Melsen B. Frictional forces related to self-ligating brackets. Eur J Orthod 1998;20:283-291. 75
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THE EFFECTS OF THIRD-ORDER TORQUE A
Page 3 and 4:
of torque, all five attachment sets
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COMMITTEE IN CHARGE OF CANDIDACY: A
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes
Page 9 and 10:
LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1: Partial O
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION The special
Page 13 and 14:
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
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surfaces. 6 The magnitudes of the c
Page 17 and 18:
Since the introduction to orthodont
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that the application of the Amonton
Page 21 and 22:
archwires. At binding angulations,
Page 23 and 24:
A phenomenon known as “cold weldi
Page 25 and 26:
of round wire with the slot created
Page 27 and 28:
acket and the gold-lined Luxi brack
Page 29 and 30:
and wire stiffness. As bracket widt
Page 31 and 32:
ligation-friction relationship. The
Page 33 and 34: designs have been introduced to the
Page 35 and 36: otated tooth or a twisted rectangul
Page 37 and 38: to incisor irregularity after initi
Page 39 and 40: added. Similarly, Bunkall 15 noted
Page 41 and 42: couple, resulting in the delivery i
Page 43 and 44: Another factor that influences brac
Page 45 and 46: References 1. Stoner MM. Force cont
Page 47 and 48: 19. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ, Ambrose WW
Page 49 and 50: 37. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ, Mayhew MJ,
Page 51 and 52: 56. Khambay B, Millett D, McHugh S.
Page 53 and 54: 75. Tecco S, Festa F, Caputi S, Tra
Page 55 and 56: 93. Thorstenson GA, Kusy RP. Effect
Page 57 and 58: Tables Table 2-1: Partial Overview
Page 59 and 60: significantly less friction than th
Page 61 and 62: optimal clinical results. Fixed-app
Page 63 and 64: self-ligating bracket systems to ma
Page 65 and 66: unconstrained rotation around the l
Page 67 and 68: surface of a tooth-crown. The const
Page 69 and 70: 0.025-inch NuBryte Standard Arch st
Page 71 and 72: test-archwire in place and ligated,
Page 73 and 74: aseline values at 0 degrees of torq
Page 75 and 76: increased to only five degrees. The
Page 77 and 78: tension on one edge of the wire and
Page 79 and 80: set, when the torque angle was incr
Page 81 and 82: with active, self-ligating sets. Th
Page 83: 11. Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Effects of
Page 87 and 88: 54. Downing A, McCabe JF, Gordon PH
Page 89 and 90: 76. Thorstenson GA, Kusy RP. Effect
Page 91 and 92: Table 3-2: Significance levels (α
Page 93 and 94: Table 3-4: Mean differences in fric
Page 95 and 96: Figure 3-3: Control of the third-or
Page 97 and 98: Figure 3-9: Victory bracket Figure
Page 99 and 100: Figure 3-12: Cross-section diagrams
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