Soil Report - Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada

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B. AGRICULTURAL SUITABILITY CLASSIFICATION FOR SPECIALCROPS The CLI classification system of land capability for agriculture is designed for common field crops, such as forages, small grains and corn, but not for other less commonly grown field and horticultural crops, henceforth referred to as "special crops" . Since a large portion of the Haldimand-Norfolk Region is used for growing special crops, a suitability ratings system was devised for the soils of the region, and for a number of the most important special crops . The ratings are based on information obtained from field observations, agricultural extension personnel, and research of relevant literature . Soil ratings for tobacco were prepared with the assistance of J . Elliot, N. Sheidow and M. Watson from the Delhi Research Station . Mr. Russ Chard, horticulture extension specialist at the Simcoe Horticultural Station, provided much of the information used for rating horticultural crops . General guidelines on soil and land requirements for many special crops were obtained from a literature search. The publication, Climate and Soil Requirementsfor Economically Important Crops in Canada, (26), was especially helpful. The concept of lumping special crops into crop groups (Table 11) was adapted from work done by D. Cressman andM. Hoffman for Ontario Hydro (27) . (1) Climatic Considerations Because many special crops are less hardy than common field crops, and often have specialized moisture requirements, climatic factors are often as important as soil factors in determining the suitability of areas for special crops . Temperature, precipitation and growing season data for the region are given in the climate section of this report . In general the climate of the Haldimand-Norfolk Region is well suited for a wide range of special field and horticultural crops grown commercially in southern Ontario, mainly because of its southerly location and proximity to Lake Erie . (2) Soil Considerations Table 12 indicates the suitability ratings of a number of special crops for the soil map unit components ofthe region . Ratings were done for the following special crops : apples, apricots, asparagus, fava beans, green beans, lima beans, soybeans, white beans, beets, cabbages, canola, carrots, cauliflower, sour cherries, sweetcherries, sweet corn, cucumbers, ginseng, hybrid and vinifera grapes, labrusca grapes, lettuce, muskmelons, onions, peaches, peanuts, pears, peas, peppers, plums, potatoes, pumpkins, radishes, raspberries, rhubarb, squash, strawberries, tomatoes, turnips and watermelons . These crops were grouped into four main groups, mainly on the basis of their response to soil conditions . Crop group A is comprised of crops that seem to thrive best on sandy and gravelly soils . Crop group B is composed of crops that seem to be adapted to both sandy and loamy soils . Crops in group C appear to be adapted to the broad spectrum of sandy, loamy and clayey soils . Crops in these three groups include field crops, vegetables and small fruits . Crop group D is composed of tree fruits having potential commercial significance in the region, and grapes . Each crop group is divided into crop subgroups that are composed of one or more crops . The crops in each subgroup seem to respond similarly to most soils, and to differ significantly from crops in other subgroups . The relation of crop groups to crop subgroups, and the specific crops in each subgroup, are shown in Table 11 . 61 Table 11 . Distribution of special crops in crop group and subgroup categories for the Haldimand-Norfolk Region Crop Sub- Group group Special Crops A 1 asparagus 2 peanuts 3 potatoes 4 tobacco B 1 onions, beets, carrots 2 ginseng, muskmelon, watermelon 3 peppers, raspberries, rhubarb, strawberries C 1 fava beans, soybeans, white beans 2 green beans, peas, pumpkins, squash 3 cabbage, cauliflower, canola, sweet corn, tomatoes, turnips 4 cucumber, lettuce, radish D 1 apricots, sour cherries, sweet cherries, peaches 2 pears, plums 3 hybrid and vinifera grapes, labrusca grapes 4 apples (3) How to Determine Special Crop Suitability Ratings In Table 12, each crop subgroup is given a suitability rating for most soil map unit components . Organic soils and miscellaneous land units were not rated, and many alluvial units could not be rated because of their various textures or drainages . A six-class suitability rating system was used, with ratings of good (G), fair to good (F-G), fair (F), poor to fair (P-F), poor (P), and generally unsuitable (U) . Average levels of management are assumed . Although ratings are not improved in this system for superior management, they are assumed to improve for some soils if they are artificially drained or irrigated . In Table 12, those soils that are most commonly drained or irrigated, and that should improve by one or more suitability classes, if these practices are put into effect, are indicated by +1, etc ., in the appropriate management factor column . Flue-cured tobacco is the only exception to this rule, because irrigation is virtually universal on the crop . Thus, the ratings shown in Table 12, for tobacco, assume that all tobacco soils are irrigated . Most soils that are considered unsuitable for certain crops will remain unsuitable even though artificial drainage or irrigation is employed . The main exception to this guideline are some poorly drained soils, denoted as U*, that are assumed to be improved to a "poor" suitability class with adequate artificial drainage . Suitability ratingsdecrease with increasing slope, because of erosion and topography limitations . The rate of decrease varies, depending mainly on land slope, soiltexture and crop type . The influence of these various factors on erosion is discussed in "Soil erosion interpretations", in this report. In Table 13 an attempt has been made, based on various erosion factors, to provide guidelines on the rate of decrease in suitability ratings as slope increases . To use this table, first find the suitability rating of a special crop from Table 12, and then, using Table 13, determine how the suitability rating decreases as slope percent increases .
(5) Table 12 . Agricultural land suitability ratings for special crops in the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk Soil map unit components Map Management factors' symbol , Dr . s Irr. Crop group A subgroups 1 2 3 4 62 Crop group B subgroups 1 2 3 Crop group C subgroups 1 2 3 4 Crop groupD subgroups 1 2 3 4 Alluvium 1 1-ALU U NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR U U U U Alluvium 1 very shallow phase 1-ALUN U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Alluvium 2 2-ALU U NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR U U U U Alluvium 3 3-ALU U NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR U U U U Alluvium 4 4-ALU U NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR U U U U Alluvium 4 coarse phase 4-ALU.C U NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR U U U U Berrien BRR P P-F P-F P F P-F F F F F-G F F F-G F-G F Berrien till phase BRR.T P P-F P-F P F P-F F F F F-G F F F-G F-G F Berrien heavy clay phase BRR.H P P-F P-F P F P-F F F F F-G F F F-G F-G F Beverly BVY +1 U U* U* U P U* F F-G F F P-F P F F-G P-F Beverly coarse phase BVY.C +1 U* P P U* P-F P F-G G F-G F-G F P-F F-G G F Beverly loamy phase BVY.L +1 U* P P U P-F P F-G F-G F F-G F P F-G G F Beverly shallow phase BVY.S +1 U U* U* U P U* F F-G F F P-F P P-F F P Beverly very shallow phase BVY.V U U U U U U U P U P U U U U U Bookton BOO +1 F F F F F F-G F-G F-G F-G F-G F-G F F-G F-G F-G Bookton till phase BOO.T +l F F F F F F-G F-G F-G F-G F-G F-G F F-G F-G F-G Brady BAY F F P-F P-F F P P-F P P-F F F P-F P-F F P-F Brady loamy phase BAY.L F F P-F P-F F P P-F P P-F F F P-F P-F F P-F Brant BRT F-G F-G G F G F-G G G G G G F-G F-G G F-G Brant coarse phase BRT.C F-G G G F G G G G G G G F-G G G G Brant very shallow phase BRT.V P-F P P U P PT PT P-F PT PT PT U U U U Brantford BFO U P P U PT P-F F-G G F-G F-G F PT F-G G F Brantford coarse phase BFO.C P P-F P-F P F F G G G G F-G F G G F-G Brantford loamy phase BFO.L P P-F P-F U F F G G F-G G F-G P-F G G F-G Brantford shallow phase BFO.S U P P U P-F P-F F-G G F-G F-G F P P-F F P-F Brantford very shallow phase BFO.V U U U U U P P-F P P P P U U U U Brooke BOK U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Burford BUF +1 F-G U P-F F P F-G F P P-F P-F P-F F-G F-G F-G F-G Colwood CWO +2 P P P P P-F P P P P P-F P U* P P P Colwood coarse phase CWO.C +2 P P-F P P P-F P P P-F P-F P-F P-F P P-F P-F P Colwood peaty phase CWO.P +2 U U P U P U P U* U* P P U U* U* U* Complex 1 CPX 1 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Complex 2 CPX 2 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Complex 3 CPX 3, NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Complex 4 CPX 4, NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Complex 5 CPX 5 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Complex 6 CPX 6 NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Farmington FRM U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U Fox FOX +1 G F-G F G F F-G F P F F F-G F-G F F-G P-F Fox shallow phase FOX.S +1 G F-G F G F F-G F P F F F-G P-F P P-F P Fox very shallow phase FOXN +1 G F-G F G F F-G F P F F F-G P-F P P-F P Gobles GOB + 1 U U P U P P F F-G F F P-F P F-G F-G P-F Gobles coarse phase GOB.C +l U* U* P-F U* P-F P-F F G F-G F-G F P-F G G F Gobles loamy phase GOB.L +1 U* U* P-F U P-F P F F-G F F-G F P G G F
Page 1 and 2:
REGIONAL MUNICIPALITY OF HALDIMAND=
Page 3 and 4:
INTRODUCTION The soil survey conduc
Page 5 and 6:
1 . Condition of farmland in the Re
Page 7 and 8:
MANITOBA Figure 1. General location
Page 9 and 10:
TOWNSHIP OF NORFOLK K,bmel,es 5 0 5
Page 11 and 12: Ô rt-v., s o s ro Waterford Port D
Page 13 and 14: Table 3. Number and size of farms i
Page 15 and 16: mainly bedrock-controlled. Most of
Page 17 and 18: Figure 10 . Schematic landscape cro
Page 19 and 20: i Wattford soils I Figure 15 . Sche
Page 21 and 22: Figure 17. Location of regional wea
Page 23 and 24: Table 8. First field seeding or pla
Page 25 and 26: Mh Well-to moderately well-drained
Page 27 and 28: A vertical section through the expo
Page 29 and 30: Table 9 . Soils mapped in the Haldi
Page 31 and 32: (d) Very poorly drained 1 . Toledo
Page 33 and 34: Landformand Topography Most Berrien
Page 35 and 36: anges from nearly level on the lacu
Page 37 and 38: Parent Materials and Textures Colwo
Page 39 and 40: Figure 30. These Gobles coarse phas
Page 41 and 42: Parent Materials and Textures Kelvi
Page 43 and 44: Soil Moisture Characteristics Maple
Page 45 and 46: Landform and Topography Oakview soi
Page 47 and 48: Figure 37 . Vegetable crops, such a
Page 49 and 50: Styx Soils (SYX) Location and Exten
Page 51 and 52: Parent Materials and Textures Vanes
Page 53 and 54: strong brown to brownishyellow mott
Page 55 and 56: Parent Materials and Textures Wilso
Page 57 and 58: SOIL INTERPRETATIONS FOR AGRICULTUR
Page 59 and 60: Table 10. Agricultural land capabil
Page 61: (Footnotes for Table 10) tOrganic s
Page 65 and 66: Table 12. Agricultural land suitabi
Page 67 and 68: Table 14 . The relative effectivene
Page 69 and 70: Table 15. K-values, K-ranges and er
Page 71 and 72: Continuedfrom page 66 (c) Slope Gra
Page 73 and 74: Table 18. C-values for continuous a
Page 75 and 76: Table 20. C-values for horticultura
Page 77 and 78: (4) Soil Erosion Assessment Regiona
Page 79 and 80: (b) Site Specific Soil Loss Potenti
Page 81 and 82: Table 24. Estimated susceptibility
Page 83 and 84: v c a> ç C U a PROCEDURE : With ap
Page 85 and 86: Table 27. Description of wind erodi
Page 87 and 88: Table 28. Drainage characteristics
Page 89 and 90: (cm) 0- 20 . 40- 60 80- 100- . 0- 2
Page 91 and 92: Table 31 . Drainage code slope clas
Page 93 and 94: N Table 32. Soil interpretations fo
Page 95 and 96: Table 32 . Soil interpretations for
Page 97 and 98: Table 35. Explanation of terms and
Page 99 and 100: 1 . Ontario Soil Survey. 1928 . Soi
Page 101: O %LLSONBUR6.WV¬COMBE,__ 1 7OWNSHI
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Soil Report - Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada

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