Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Description of Lexical Relations in a ...

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—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 12 gical states in a fancy way (by journalistic clichés). In Subsection 2.4 I will briefly return to the problem of the overlap between the expressions of paradigmatic vs. syntagmatic lexical correlates in connection with formal encoding two different types of the elements of values of LFs (see p. 00). 2 The Notion of Lexical Function 2.1 Introductory Remarks I will begin with the general notion of LF and then proceed to a particular case—the simple standard LFs, which are of special interest in the present framework. The term function is used, as pointed out above, in the mathematical sense: f(x) = y. Formally, an LF f is a function that associates with a given LU L a set {Li} of lexical expressions that express, contingent on L, the meaning (f) associated with f and bearing on the meaning (L): f(L) = {Li}, such that an Li expresses (f)((L)). L is called the argument, 3 or keyword, of f; f(L) = {Li} is the value of f applied to L; and an Li is an element of this value. Informally, an LF f is, roughly speaking, a meaning (f), coupled with a deep-syntactic role, such that its expression is not free (in contrast to all ‘normal’ meanings), but depends on the LU to which this meaning applies. The core idea of Lexical Functions is lexically bound expression of some meanings. To put it differently, a prototypical LF, namely a simple standard LF, corresponds to a very general, ‘poor’ meaning that can be expressed in a large variety of ways, the choice of the expression being determined in each particular case by the LU L with which this meaning is being expressed. Using a convenient term taken from L. Wanner (1996: 1ff), it can be said that LFs are designed to represent, in a formal and systematic way, institutionalized lexical relations—regular relations that hold between LUs L1 and L2 of language L and are based on L1’s and L2’s signifieds, being at the same time constrained by L1’s and L2’s formal and combinatorial properties, Thus, as we see, these relations are exactly lexical rather than purely semantic; they are institutionalized in that they hold between the members of numerous pairs of LUs in L.
Here are some examples of LFs. —Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 13 (f) = (the one who/which undergoes L) [patient noun; a semantic derivation] S 2(shootV) = target S 2(serveV) = client S 2(hotel) = guest S 2(prison) = prisoner S 2(doctor) = patient S 2(hair-dresser) = customer (f) = (intense(ly) L), (very L) [intensifier; a collocate] Magn(shaveN) = clean, close, smooth Magn(naked) = stark Magn(easy) = as pie, as 1-2-3 Magn(skinny) = as a rake Magn(condemnV) = strongly Magn(relyV) = heavily (f) ≈ (do L), (perform L) [support, or light, verb; a collocate] Oper 1(cryN) = let out [ART ~] Oper 1 (figureN) = cut [ART ~] [He cut a fine/miserable figure] Oper 1 (strikeN) = be [on ~] Oper 1 (visitN) = pay [ART ~] Oper 1 (tripN) = take [ART ~] Oper 1 (orderN) = give [ART ~] (f) = (realize L), (fulfill [a requirement of] L) [realization verb; a collocate] Real 2(testN) = withstand [ART ~] Real 2(jokeN) = get [ART ~] Real 2 (examN) = pass [ART ~] Real 2(mineN) = hit, strike [ART ~] [Their car struck a land mine] Real 2(ambushN) = fall, step, run, walk [into (ART) ~] Real 2(challengeN) = meet [ART ~] [The expression in square brackets represents the Government Pattern [= GP] of the keyword of the LF; the symbol ART indicates that an article or a grammatically equivalent determiner should be used according to grammatical rules; the tilde ~ stands for the keyword. For more about GPs of LFs, see below, 4.4, p. 00] The following examples show how the meaning (very) can be expressed in different langua- ges in order to modify the meaning (thin/skinny); they demonstrate the linguistic variability and wealth of LF expressions: Arabic [Standard] nāħif nāħāfa(t) lit. (skinny [with-]skinniness) Z#adīd annāħāfa(t) lit. (strong [with-]the-skinniness) ka/anna+hu Z#ild ?alā ?az`m lit. (as-if-he-were skin on bones)
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Bibliographic Remarks —Chapter 18
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