Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Description of Lexical Relations in a ...

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—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 66 F indicates the body part or body function affected by (L) as well as the way it is affected (functions with difficulty, stops functioning or functions excessively). Examples Obstr(speech) —Sympt 23(anger) = [NY] sputters, splutters [with anger] Obstr(breath) —Sympt 23(anger) = [NY] chokes [with anger] Stop(speech) —Sympt 2(amazement) = //[NY] is dumbstruck Excess motor (eyes) —Sympt1(amazement) = //[NY’s] eyes start from their sockets Excess motor (mouth) —Sympt 213(amazement) = [NY] opens [NY’s] mouth wide [with amazement] Excess motor (mouth) —Sympt 13(astonishment) = [NY’s] jaw drops [in astonishment] Excess motor (hair) —Sympt 1(fear) = [NY’s] hair stands on end [with fear] 4. Special Phenomena Related to Lexical Functions Three lexical phenomena related to LFs and their presentation in an ECD are relevant to this presentation: complex LFs, configurations of LFs, and fused elements of the values of LFs. 4.1. Complex Lexical Functions A complex LF is a combination of syntactically related LFs that has a single expression covering the meaning of the combination as a whole. A complex LF is written as a sequence of simple standard LFs, e.g., fg or fgh, etc. In point of fact, such sequences encode particular DSynt-relations between constituent LFs; the corresponding relation is specified for each simple LF (see the list in 2.2). Thus, generally speaking, fg(L) = L´ means • either f(L)–r 1 →g(L) = L´, such that (f(L)−r 1 →g(L)) = (L´), • or f(L)←r 2 –g(L) = L´, such that (f(L)←r 2 −g(L)) = (L´); which is the case is indicated in the description of f and/or g. More precisely, the internal syntax of a complex LF—except for Anti, Conv and structural derivations (S i, A i and Adv i) as left members of complex LFs—is specified by straightforward rules valid for each simple LF (F stands for any LF): MagnF = Magn←ATTR−F; IncepF = Incep−II→F; CausF = Caus−II→F; etc. However, Anti, Conv, Si, Ai and Advi are used within complex LFs as derivational affixes; thus S i, A i and Adv i, added on the left of an LF-formula, convert it into an N, an A or an Adv,
—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 67 respectively; e.g., Adv 1IncepReal 1(L) is a DSynt-adverb meaning (while beginning to do with L what L is designed for) [ (while ...-ing) is the ‘meaning’ of Adv 1]. I have already given several examples of complex LFs; let me quote here some more Complex LFs of the same type (with the keyword in small capitals): AntiMagn : scattered APPLAUSE, weak ARGUMENTS, low TEMPERATURE, negligible LOSSES, ... AntiVer : false SHAME, a wrong CONCEPTION, unfounded SUSPICION, ... IncepOper 1 CausOper 2 Caus 1Oper 2 AntiReal 2 : acquire POPULARITY, sink into DESPAIR, embark upon the path of TREASON, ... : put [NY] under [NX’s] CONTROL, plunge [NX] into SLAVERY, ... : bring [NY] under CONTROL, put [NY] up for SALE, force [NY] into EXILE, ... : fail an EXAMINATION, reject a PIECE OF ADVICE, turn down an APPLICATION, ... Note the crucial difference between a complex LF fg(X) and a composition (in the mathematical sense) of LFs f(g(X)): generally speaking, fg(X) ≠ f(g(X)). Thus: Magn(applause) = thunderous, AntiMagn(applause) = scattered, but Anti(thunderous) ≠ scattered; Oper 1(despair) = be [in ~], IncepOper 1(despair) = sink [into ~], but Incep(be [in]) ≠ sink; etc. A complex LF can also combine standard and non-standard LFs; such an LF is called mixed. For instance: after FinOper 1, again IncepOper 1(consciousness) = regain [~] to attempt to CausFunc 0(elections) = call [ART ~] being too many, IncepOper 1(market) = flood [ART ~] For more examples, see 5.1.1, p. 00. 4.2. Configurations of Lexical Functions A configuration of LFs is a combination of syntactically unrelated simple or complex LFs which have the same keyword such that there exists a single lexical expression covering the meaning of the combination as a whole. For example: [Magn + Oper 1](laughter) = roar [with ~], where roar means ≈ (do [= Oper 1] big [= Magn] [laughter]) [AntiMagn + A 2Manif](irony) = tinged [with ~], where tinged means ≈ (in which manifests itself [= A 2Manif] small [= AntiMagn] [irony]) [tooMagn quant + IncepOper 1](market) = flood [ART ~],
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Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Descr
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—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions—
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Means noun ((δ) = (means [for L]))
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Here are some examples of LFs. —C
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