Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Description of Lexical Relations in a ...

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6.1.3 Different Semantic ‘Facets’ of a Keyword —Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 82 The elements of the value f(L) can further be non-synonymous because the keyword L can be considered in different situations or, better, under different facets—and in these different facets it has different values with a given LF f. Two major classes of cases must be distinguished: a facet is specified a) by the instantiation of a SemA of L or b) by a particular angle from which the referent of L is considered. Facets defined by the value of a SemA Consider, for example, HEART2 (X’s imaginary organ of emotion Y toward Z ...). • If the emotion is love, i.e., Y = LOVE, then Fact 3(heart2) = belongs [to NZ]. • If the emotion is joy, then Fact 0(heart2) = sings. • If the emotion is sorrow, then Fact 3(heart2) = sinks [at NZ] | NZ = idea,thought, ... • If the emotion is grief, then Fact 0(heart2) = bleeds. For Y = SORROW, Caus 3Fact 1(heart2) = break [NX’s ~]; for Y = PLEASURE, Caus 3Fact 1(heart2) = warm [(the cockles of) NX’s ~]; and for Y = PAINFUL FEELING, Caus 3Fact 1(heart2) = gnaw [at NX’s ~], pierce [NX’s ~]. As can be easily seen, the elements of the values of different LFs differ, in their turn, according to the SemA Y of HEART2. Facets defined by the perspective on L The referent of L may be used in different situations in various ways. Because of that, L may have different clusters of semantic derivations and collocates, each cluster corresponding to a particular situation. To put it differently, L has different restricted cooccurrence as a function of different situations of its use—of its different facets. To account for this, the lexical entry of L has to be divided according to these facets. Let us illustrate this phenomenon with two examples: nouns BLOOD and NOSE. In English, the noun BLOOD is used under six different facets: as a ‘carrier’ of life (= blood circulation), as a signal of injury or disease (bleeding), as the target of medical treatment, as a symbol of temperament and feelings, as a symbol of life, and as a ‘carrier’ of biological origin. Its lexical entry will show the divisions along these lines. BLOOD (fluid circulating in the body...) 1) Circulation blood vessels, arteries; B. flows/runs in X’s veins, rushes to X’s cheeks, ...
—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 83 (red/white) blood cells; B. coagulates; hot-blooded [animal]; blood-shot [eyes] 2) Bleeding bleed; B. oozes, pours, spurts, squirts; draw, spill B.; blood-stained; B. cakes; puddle of B. 3) Medical Treatment blood pressure; transfusion; blood test; donate B., donor, blood-drive; blood clot; hematology 4) Temperament/feelings cold/hot B.; B. boils/freezes; in cold B.; blood-curdling 5) Symbol of life shed/spill B.; to the last drop of B.; crush/drown in B.; rivers/sea of B.; bloodshed, bloodbath; bloodthirsty 6) Biological origin of the same B.; German and Armenian B.; blue, good, pure, royal B.; [prince] of the B.; related by B.; run in the B. NB : I by no means insist on this description. It seems preferable, as many English dictionaries do, to separate the noun BLOOD into several LUs: BLOOD1 (body liquid), BLOOD2 (B.1 as symbol of emotions), BLOOD3 (B.1 as symbol of life), and BLOOD4 (B.1 as symbol of biological origin). But even then BLOOD1 will have three facets. This example is purely illustrative. For the LU NOSE, at least two facets must be distinguished: the nose as an organ and as an esthetic element. NOSE (part of the face...) 1) Anatomy/physiology nostrils, nasal cavity; bridge of the N.; breathe through the N.; head cold, running, stuffed N., snot; blow/wipe one’s N.; pick one’s N.; handkerchief; kleenex 2) Esthetics Greek, Roman, aquiline N.; pug, snub, bulbous, turned-up N. 6.1.4 Lexical Functions and Their Relation to the Definitions of their Keywords The whole specificity of LFs follows from their intimate semantic relatedness to their keywords. For instance, if a lexical unit L has a Magn, its meaning (L) tends to include a gradable component, which is to accept the intensification and to which Magn actually applies (but see below, at the end of this subsection). In X’s serious INJURY, what is intensified by SERIOUS is the component (interference with X’s normal functioning) (in the meaning of INJURY); in X highly RECOMMENDS Y to do Z, HIGHLY intensifies the component (X incites Y to do Z); etc. If for f(L)
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Means noun ((δ) = (means [for L]))
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Here are some examples of LFs. —C
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2.3 Definition of Standard Lexical
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