Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Description of Lexical Relations in a ...

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CausOper 1(despair) = reduce [NX to ~], throw [NX into ~] CausFunc 2(difficulty) = create, present [ART ~ for NY] LiquFunc 0(assembly) = dissolve [ART ~] Caus 1Func 2(supremacy) = maintain [NX’s ~ over NY] LiquFunc 2(attention) = divert [NX’s ~ from NY] Caus 2Func 2(attention) = attract, draw [NX’s ~] Perm 1Fact 0(angerN) = let go, let out [NX’s ~] Compare the following three-way contrast: CausOper 2(controlN) = put [NY under NX’s ~] vs. Caus 1Oper 2(controlN) = bring [NY under NX’s (own) ~] vs. IncepOper 2(controlN) = get [under NX’s ~] —Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 60 2. Actantial structure of causation LFs. Causation LFs may have no actantial subscripts: this is the general case, where an LF of the type Caus introduces an additional actant—new with respect to the inherent actants of the keyword L. This additional actant is the external Causer/Cause of the situation (L). Nevertheless, it is also possible that the Causer/Cause of (L) is internal: it is one of the actants of L. This fact, as we have just seen, must be indicated by the corresponding actantial subscript. Cf. Caus 2Func 2(attention) and Perm 1Fact 0(anger) above, where the Causer/Cause is at the same time an actant of the keyword: the person, thing or event that atract/draws someone’s attention is necessarily the object of this attention; the person who allows his anger to ‘realize’ itself is the Experiencer of the anger. 3. Causation LFs and phasal LFs. For the three causation LFs, the following convention is adopted. What can be caused is either the beginning (Incep), or the continuation (Cont), or else the cessation (Fin) of a state or an event P; therefore, Caus, Perm and Liqu should always be followed by one of the phasal LFs. But as a convenient abbreviation, we omit Incep after Caus and Cont after Perm and Liqu, so that one can write Caus(P) instead of CausIncep(P), Perm(P) instead of PermCont(P), and Liqu(P) instead of LiquCont(P): causing the beginning, on the one hand, and permitting or putting an end to the continuation, on the other, are considered as non- marked, or default, cases. All the other combinations of a causative LF with a phasal one must be stated explicitly: CausCont(P), PermIncep(P), PermFin(P), LiquIncep(P) and LiquFin(P).
NB: CausFin(P) means—by definition—Liqu(P). 52-54. Realization verbs —Chapter 18. Lexical Functions— 61 The LFs 52-54—Real 0/i, Fact 0/i and Labreal ij, are realization, or fulfillment, verbs; they mean, very roughly, (fulfill the requirement of L) = (do with L what one is supposed to do with L) or (L fulfills its own requirement). The ‘requirements’ differ with respect to different Ls: thus the ‘requirement’ of a hypothesis is its confirmation, the ‘requirement’ of a disease is the malfunctioning/death of the organism affected, and the ‘requirement’ of an artefact is that it be used according to its intended function. Real 0/i [Lat. realis (real)], Fact 0/i [Lat. factum (fait)] and Labreal ij [a hybrid of Labor and Real] are (more or less) synonymous full verbs, different with respect to their syntax only; their actants are actantial nouns whose meaning includes the component corresponding to a ‘requirement’: (supposed to ...), (designed to ...), etc. In sharp contrast to the support verbs, which accept as their keywords basically abstract nouns, the fulfillment verbs can have both abstract and concrete keywords, provided the latter are actantial and imply a ‘requirement’. Such concrete nouns are necessarily the names of artefacts or organs, which are by definition (designed to ...). Syntactically, Real 0/i, Fact 0/i and Labreal ij are fully analogous to the LFs Oper 0/i, Func 0/i and Labor ij, respectively. This means that the keyword L and its DSyntAs fulfill with respect to Real i the same syntactic roles as they do with respect to Oper i, etc. Therefore, they are linked to their keywords in the following way: Real 0/i−II→L, Fact 0/i−I→L, and Labreal ij−III→L. Examples Real 1(accusation) = prove [ART ~] Real 2(law) = abide [by ART ~] Real 1(illness) = succumb [to ART ~] Real 2(demand) = meet [ART ~] Real 1(car) = drive [ART ~] Real 2(hint) = take [ART ~] Real 1(bus) = drive [ART ~] Real 2(bus) = ride [(on) ART ~] 19 Compare: Oper 1(obstacle) = face [ART ~], but Real 1(obstacle) = //turn back Oper 2(attack) = be [under ART ~], but Real 2(attack) = fall [to ART ~ →of NX] Oper 2(exam) = take [ART ~], sit [in ART ~], but Real 2(exam) = pass [ART ~] Fact 0(hope N ) = comes true Fact 0(film N ) = is playing, is on Rus. Fact 0(nadežda (hopeN)) = opravdyvaetsja Fact 0(podozrenie (suspicion)) = podtverž-
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Chapter 18 Lexical Functions: Descr
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—Chapter 18. Lexical Functions—
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Page 9 and 10: Means noun ((δ) = (means [for L]))
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Page 13 and 14: Here are some examples of LFs. —C
Page 19 and 20: 2.3 Definition of Standard Lexical
Page 43 and 44: Examples —Chapter 18. Lexical Fun
Page 49 and 50: ! ! 38. Loc temp in = localization
Page 51: Remarks —Chapter 18. Lexical Func
Page 59: —Chapter 18. Lexical Functions—
Page 78 and 79: 6.1.1 Lexical Functions Are Not Sem
Page 82 and 83: 6.1.3 Different Semantic ‘Facets
Page 86 and 87: LF-Sem-Rule 3 (intensely) 1 ! —Ch
Page 100 and 101: Bibliographic Remarks —Chapter 18
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